| Term | Definition |
| Appositive | a noun that renames another noun |
| Appositive Phrase | a noun and the words around it that further describe and rename another noun; Ex: My teacher, a recent college graduate, is very young. |
| Adjective Shift | adjectives that appear after the noun as opposed to before it; Ex: The racoon, tired and hungry, sat down for a nap. |
| Participle | a verb form that acts as an adjective in "ing" or "ed" form |
| Participial Phrase | a verb form that acts as an adjective and the words around it; Ex: Wanted by the police, the robber hid. |
| Verbal | a verb form that doesn't act as a verb (participle, gerund, infinitive) |
| Gerund | an "ing" form of a verb that acts as a noun |
| Adjective Clause | a dependent clause that describes a noun (begins with a relative pronoun); Ex: Mr. Abbott is the man whose land ajoins ours. |
| Phrase | a series of words that does not include a subject and verb |
| Clause | a series of words that contains a subject and verb (independent or dependent) |
| Relative Pronouns + 2 Adverbs | where, when, who, which, whom, that, whose |