| Term | Definition |
|---|
| coelomate | True body cavity |
| deuterostome | anus 1st mouth 2nd |
| protostome | Mouth develops from 1st opening (blastopore), anus 2nd |
| mesentary | supportive membrane surrounding internal organs and attaching to the body wall |
| psudocoelomate | Animal with a false coelom (no Bridge) |
| aceolomate | no body cavity - double walled sac surrounds the digestive system |
| chordata | Animals with notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, a postanal tail, and pharyngeal gill slits at some time in their lives. Most are vertebrates, though some are not. [E.g. of invertebrates: tunicates, amphioxus, and acorn worms]. Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
| pharyngeal gill slits | first used for filter feeding |
| tunicate | sea squirt in subphylum urochodata |
| endostyle | in chordates, it secrets mucus that traps particles, and is a precursor to the thyroid gland |
| amniotes | (eggs, yolk) internal fertilization, waterproof eggs. eggs are well adapted for terrestrial habitats |
| amphioxus | subphylum cephalochordata, has notochord, pharynx, and metamerism |
| cephalo | Relating to the head |
| acorn worm | Hemichordata, lack notochord and post anal tail, (deuterostome) |
| analogous | corresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin |
| paedomorphosis | The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors. |
| neurocoel | brain and spinal cord with central cavity |
| pisces | a group of vertebrates comprising both cartilaginous and bony fishes and sometimes including the jawless vertebrates (agnatha, Placodermii, Chondricthyes, Acanthodii, Oseichtyes) |
| Tetrapoda | gnathostomes with limbs and feet and ear bones modified from gill slits ( amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia) |
| agnathans | Jawless Fishes, No Appendages, No Ossified Bones, 1 or 2 semicircular canals |
| gnathostomes | In addition to jaws, --- also have two sets of paired appendages, 3 semicircular canals |
| anamniotes | no fetal membranes, include fishes and amphibians |
| Ostracoderms | earliest agnathans, very abundant in their time period, jawless filter feeders, bony skin |
| Cyclostomes | roundmouth. all extant agnathans. no bone or scales. endoskeleton is cartilage and no paired fins |
| pectoral and pelvic fins | allow for better motion in water (side to side, up and down) |
| clasper | in fishes, a structure that transfers sperm into the female's body |
| acanthodians | earliest jawed fish |
| placoderms | extinct lineage of armored vertebrates |
| chondrichthyes | cartilaginous fishes |
| placoid scales | toothlike dermal scales; Chondricthyes; arranged to reduce the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface |
| elasmobranchii | most common cartilaginous fish, sharks and rays |
| cladoselachii | ORDER primitive sharks |
| Selachii | ORDER modern sharks |
| Batoidea | ORDER rays and skates |
| viviparous | producing living young (not eggs) |
| oviparous | egg-laying |
| operculum | A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes |
| spiracle | modified 1st gill slit |
| elasmobranch | any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks |
| holocephali | chimaera (rat fish), has operculum, spiracle is closed) |
| Osteichthyes | bony fish, swim bladder, operculum |
| actinopterygii | Ray-Finned Fishes, with ganoid scales (sturgeons, paddlefish, bichir) |
| teleostei | largest diverse group of bony fishes today |
| Sarcopterygii | lobe finned fish, resemble early amphibians, swim bladders may have been used as lungs |
| Dipnoi | lung fish |
| Acanthostega | extinct, first with limbs, between lobefins and tetrapods |
| Labyrithodontia | oldest fossils of amphibia |
| Lissamphibia | 3 groups of livinig amphibians- frogs, salamanders and caecilians |
| Anura | frogs, toads, tree toads |
| Urodela | salamanders and newts are examples of? (tailed amphibians) |
| Gymnophiona | an order of amphibians including caecilians, wormlike |
| apodans | The group of caecilians, WITHOUT FEET |
| ossicles | The three small bones found in the middle ear (the malleus, the incus, and the stapes) that help to amplify the vibrations from sound waves. The malleus is atached to the tympanic membrane and the stapes is attached to the oval window of the cochlea. |
| Characteristics of modern amphibians | aquatic larval stage, middle ear cavity with ossicle, no bony scales |
| external fertilization (type of amphibian) | frogs (type of fertilization, internal or external) |
| internal fertilization | salamanders |
| first amniotes | reptilia |
| extraembyonic membrane | prevents disiccation, cushion embryo, helps with gas exchange, store metabolic wastes |
| anpsida | subclass- turtles and tortoises |
| anapsid | no fenestra in skull behind eye cavity, earliest amniotes |
| synapsid | one temporal fenestra behind eye orbit |
| diapsid | two temporal fenestra behind eye orbit (birds and crocs) |
| rhynchocephahlia | found only in New Zealand, up to 3 ft in length. (endemism) |
| endemism | uniqueness; taxon occurs only in area specified |
| lepidosauria | diapsid reptiles: lizards |
| squamata | lizards, geckos and snakes |
| archosauria | a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles |
| synapsida | extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals |
| pelycosaura | from subclass sunapsida, ancestors of the mammals |
| Therapsida | from subclass synapsida. ancestors of the mammals. |
| Pterosaurs | first tetrapods to exhibit flight, elongated pinky |
| Archaeornithes | extinct, ARCHAEOPTERYX, solid bones and underdeveloped flight muscles |
| Neornithes | small wings, powerful leg muscles (Ratites) |
| Ratites | ostrich, kiwi, emu; flightless birds |
| Neognathae | all other living bird |
| characteristics of Aves | reduced tail, loss of teeth, loss of some bones, pneumatic bones, loss of urinary bladder |
| pneumatic bones | bird bones - hollow instead of marrow-filled |
| Prototheria | egg laying mammals |
| Monotremata | coextensive with the subclass Prototheria, platypus and 2 species of spiny ant eaters |
| Prototherian characteristics | testis in abdominal cavity, lay eggs, less stable body temp, no corpus callosum |
| corpus callosum | a broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
| Marsupials | Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch. |
| Eutheria | placental mammals |
Combine with other sets
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