Fungal Resp Infections NGR

Terms	Definitions
True fungal pathogens	Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis
Opportunistic fungal pathogens	Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, Zygomycosis, Pneumocytosis
Coccidioides immitis: environment	mold: hyphae breaking up into arthroconidia
Coccidioides immitis: Tissue	Spherules: Spherical structures with thick walls, filled with endospores
is there human-to-human or animal-to-human transmission for Coccidioides immitis?	No, you always get it from the environment, in Coccidioides immitis's case it's in the desert sand
Histoplasma capsulatum: habitat	Soil contaminated by bird or bat feces (high nitrogen content)
Histoplasma capsulatum: Environment and culture at 25 degree celcius	Mold: hyphae with microconidia and tuberculate macroconidia
Histoplasma capsulatum: Tissue and culture at 37 degree celcius	small budding yeasts. facultive intracellular parasites found in reticuloendothelial cells
Does Histoplasma capsulatum have capsule?	no
Blastomyces Dematitidis: habitat	Soil, decaying organic material (i.e. rotting wood)
Blastomyces Dematitidis: Environment and culture at 25 degree celcius	white-to-tan filamentous mold colonies, septate hyphae with nondescript conidia
Blastomyces Dematitidis: tissue and culture at 37 degree celcius	Single broad-based budding yeats. thick "double-contoured" wall, no capsule
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: environment & culture at 25 degree celcius	mycelial form: hyphae + conidia
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: tissues and culture at 37 degree celcius	thick-walled yeast cells, several budding cells attached "pilot wheel" morphology
Coccidioides immitis (disease: coccidiomycosis) pathogenesis	Similar to TB. Inhalation of dust containing arthroconidia. Surviving arthroconidia goes into life cycle of alternating spherules and progeny endospores. Inflammatory reaction both purulent and granulomatous. Possible dissemination to CNS, bone etc.
Histoplasma Capsulatum: Pathogenesis	Conidia turn into yeast cells, multiplication inside macrophages: dissemination via macrophages, skin and reticuloemdothelial system
Blastomyces dermatitidis: pathogenesis	Bind to host cells, turn into yeast (extracellular), dissemination: multiple organs, skin (similar to paracoccidioides brasiliensis)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: pathogenesis	Bind to host cells, turn into yeast, dissemination: skin, mucosa, lymphoid organs
Tx for mild to moderate URT diseases caused by true pathogenic fungi	Azole derivatives
Tx for severe or disseminated URT diseases caused by true pathogenic fungi	Amphotericin B
Barrel-shaped arthroconidia	Coccidioides immitis
Desert-sand, Southwestern US	Coccidioides immitis
alternating spherules and progeny endospores	Coccidioides immitis
dissemination via endospore propagation	Coccidioides immitis
Intracellular budding yeasts	Histoplasma capsulatum
Contaminated soil with bird or bat feces, Eastern US	Histoplasma capsulatum
Single broad-based budding yeasts	Blastomyces dermatitidis
Pilot wheel morphology	Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
South America	Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Cryptococcus neoformans	Opportunistic fungi, monomorphic Encapsulated yeast. Soil-enriched with pigeon droppings Pathogenesis: Production of capsule in alveoli, multiplication. Granulomatous lesions, dissemination (CNS) Meningitis in AIDS patients Tx: Amphotericine B + flucytosine
Encapsulated yeast	Cryptococcus neoformans
Soil enriched with pigeon droppings	Cryptococcus neoformans
Production of capsule in alveoli, multiplication, granulomatous lesion	Cryptococcus neoformans
Tx: Amphotericine B + flucytosine	Cryptococcus neoformans
Allergic bronchopulmonary disease, Fungal ball, invasive pulmonary disease	Aspergillus fumigatus & flavus
sporangiospores and angioinvasive fungi	Aspergillus fumigatus & flavus and Rhizopus, Mucor...
Tx: Amphotericine B + surgical removal of local infectious foci	Aspergillus and Rhizopus and Mucor...
Single-celled eukaryotic microorganism	Pneumocystis jiroveci
Life cycle: trophozoites, precyst, cyst.	Pneumocystis jiroveci
No ergosterol in the cell membrane	Pneumocystis jiroveci
Tx: TMP-SMZ	Penumocystis jiroveci
intestinal pneumonia; extrapulmonary manifestations	Pneumocystis jiroveci
Rhinocerebral, pulmonary, GI, cutaneous, disseminated zygomycoses	Rhizopus, Mucor
Silver stain	Pneumocystis jiroveci
unique fact of cell wall of Pnuemocystis jiroveci	there's no ergosterol in its cell membrane.
Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin are	fluoroquinolone