Psych 260 quiz4
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113 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V showed a loss of | understanding of the long term implications of his stroke |
| The text author asserts that__have key consequences for survival and reproduction | emotional behaviors |
| The major components of an emotional response include | behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions. |
| The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to | mobilize energy for vigorous movement |
| Most of the research on emotions has focused on | anger and fear |
| The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the | Amygdala |
| Neurons within the amygdala are activated by | detection of emotionally relevant stimuli |
| Activation of the ___ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response | central |
| Behavioral, autonomic and hormonal emotional responses are elicited by activation of the | central nucleus of the amygdala |
| Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit | behavioral signs of fear |
| Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in | reduced blood levels of stress hormones |
| Exposure to ___ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species | loud unexpected noises |
| Infusion of __ into the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to promote fear and agitation | glutamate |
| An intact __ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure | lateral hypothalamus |
| In experiments by LeDoux and others on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the unconditional emotional response is elicited by | foot shock |
| Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ___ when subsequently exposed to the tone(without shock). | behavioral arrest |
| A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include | freezing of motor movements |
| the expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
| Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the | amygdala |
| A formal definition of aggressive behaviors | includes those behaviors involved in predation |
| Which of the following is true of threat behaviors | threat behaviors resolve conflicts without hurting the involved organism |
| The drug __ would be expected to inhibit aggression | fluoxetine(Prozac) |
| elevated brain levels of the transmitter __ function to inhibit aggression | serotonin |
| Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray PAG matter in the car can produce | predatory behavior |
| Electrical stimulation of the DORSAL periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces | defensive rage behavior |
| Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information | Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now |
| a human male who has a long record of assult, arson, murder, would be expected to show __ levels of __ in his cerebrospinal fluid | reduced; 5-HIAA |
| The ___ cortical region plays a key role in the analysis of social situations. | ventromedial prefrontal |
| Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior in part as a result of widespread damage to his | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
| Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of | moral judgements |
| functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
| a general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to | dampen or inhibit emotional reactions |
| ____ is an example of a personal moral dilemma | throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group |
| The combination of inadequate activation of the _____ and enhanced activation of the___ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons. | prefrontal cortex; amygdala |
| The prefrontal cortex is___ by ___ projection neurons | activated; serotonergic |
| Impulsive aggression may reflect___, which can be treated with___. | impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine |
| Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to | reproduction |
| Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration wheras injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of an ____ hormone effect. | activational |
| Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the | medial preoptic area |
| A male mouse housed alone in a cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse, Which of the following is a key factor as to weather the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse? | the mouse must be able to detect male pheromones |
| Intermale aggression is reduced in | mice whose vomeronasal nerves have been surgically damaged |
| A female given daily injections of ___ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse | testosterone |
| A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mothers uterus is likely to | show more interfemale aggression as an adult |
| Prenatal exposure to androgens | increases aggressive behavior in all studied species |
| Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in the US military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in | low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels. |
| An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when | losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone |
| The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that | the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures |
| Darwin argued that the expression of emotion in humans | evolved from similar expressions in other animals |
| A key function of the right hemisphere is | the recognition of emotions |
| The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the | right hemisphere |
| PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity of the | right frontal cortex |
| PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion on the basis of word meaning increased the activity of the | left and right frontal cortex |
| The observation that a person with ____ cannot understand speech but can infer emotion from ___ suggests that word recognition and emotional vocal recognition are independent functions. | pure word deafness; tone of voice |
| Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person made blind by cortical damage | can recognize facial emotional expression |
| Damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of ____ but not ___. | facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice. |
| rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ____ system | magnocellular |
| The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the | insular cortex |
| People with volitional facial paresis are unable to | voluntarily move facial muscles |
| With regard to facial emotional expression, | negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face |
| The unique aspect of patient S.P. is that after removal of her right amygdala | she was unable to recognize her own facial emotional expressions |
| According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion | sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs |
| Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports james-lange theory of emotion? | people who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they no longer felt intense emotions. |
| Studies by Ekman and colleauges suggest that | simulated facial emotional expression changes sympathetic activity |
| Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving | an attack of sleep during the day |
| Which of the following is true of sleep | Humans spend about a third of their life asleep |
| The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by | changes in the electrical activity of the brain |
| The ___ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep | electromymogram |
| The ___ pattern of the EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency, low voltage waves | beta |
| The observation that a persons brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because | this brian wave pattern also appears during sleep |
| The translation between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ___ waves in the sleep record | theta |
| The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of | 3.5-7.5HZ |
| You are watching a sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is | in stage 4 of slow wave sleep |
| A key aspect of slow-wave sleep is the presence of ____ Hz oscillations comprised of a down state followed by an up state | 1.0 |
| ___ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record. | paradoxical sleep |
| During the ___ state of the slow-wave sleep record, the neurons of the cortex are ___. | down;silent |
| Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is ____ sleep | slow wave |
| Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ___, whereas stages 3-4 are referred to as___. | non-REM sleep; slow wave sleep |
| Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep | rapid eye movements |
| Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage | only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep |
| Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep | various forms of slow wave brain activity |
| A single cycle of nonREM and REM sleep lasts | about 90 minutes |
| Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles | as the night goes on the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle |
| Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep | Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex |
| The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ____ can be a useful clinical indicator of ____. | REM sleep; impotence |
| Which of the following terms belong together | slow wave sleep;moderate muscle tonus |
| Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep? | nightmares |
| During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the | visual association cortex |
| About ____ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem while ___ percent experiences this on occasion | 9; 25 |
| Insomnia is defined | in relation to a persons particular sleep needs |
| A person who does not feel rested after sleeping a 15 hr night | probably does not need more sleep |
| Which of the following is true of sleeping medications | sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers |
| chronic sleep deprivation can lead to | obesity and diabetes |
| A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as | sleep apnea |
| A key symptom of human narcolepsy relates to | sleeping during the day; excessive daytime sleepiness |
| A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from | an episode of cataplexy |
| A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is | strong emotions or physical exertion |
| ____ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis | hypnagogic hallucination |
| The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that | narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state |
| In the narcolepsy example given in the text, the dog developed cataplexy while | sniffing food |
| Human narcolepsy | involves an absence of orexin from CSF in most narcoleptics |
| A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in | symptoms of narcolepsy |
| The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that | act as catecholamine agonists |
| Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep are effectively treated by drugs that | facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity |
| A key symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder is | a lack of paralysis during REM sleep |
| The disorder known as _____ shares common attributes with those of narcolepsy | depression |
| The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in | cataplexy |
| An effective treatment for REM sleep behavior is the administration of | the benzodiazepine drug clonazepam |
| Somnambulism is synonymous with | sleepwalking |
| The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are exaggerated by administration of | antidepressant drugs |
| A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be | experiencing a night terror |
| Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from | sleep-related eating disorder |
| The pattern of the dolphin is unique in that | sleep and waking occur indepenedently in the two hemispheres |
| Sleep deprivation in humans results in | perceptual distortions |
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