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Define human development multidisciplinary scientific study of how people change and how they stay the same Nature-Nurture Issue involves the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine th kind of person you are Biopsychosocial Framework emphasizes that human developement is more then any one of the basic forces considered alone. Rather, each force interacts with the others to make up development Developmental Theories "Psychodynamic" ex. Erikson's psychosocial theory, Main Idea- Personality develops through the sequence of stages Developmental Theories "Learning" ex. Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner), Main Idea- Environment controls behavior Developmental Theories "Cognitive" Social learning (Bandura), Main Idea- People learn through modeling and observing Developmental Theories "Cognitive" Piaget's and Kohlberg's Theories, Main Idea- Thinking develops in a sequence of stages Developmental Theories "Cognitive" Information-processing theory, Main Idea- Thought develops by increases in efficiency at handling information Developmental Theories "Cognitive" Vygotsky's theory, Main Idea- Development influenced by culture Developmental Theories "Ecological and Systems" Bronfenbrenner's theory, Main Idea- Developing person embedded in a series of interacting systems Developmental Theories "Ecological and Systems" Competence environmental press (Lawton and Nahemow), Main Idea- Adaptation is optimal when ability and demands are in balance Developmental Theories "Life-Span Perspective/SOC" Baltes's life span perspective and selective optimization with compensation, Main Idea- Development is multiply determined; optimization of goals Developmental Theories "Life Course Perspective" Life course theory, Main Idea- Life course transitions decreasingly tied to age; increased continuity over time; specific life paths across domains are interdependent How Research is Conducted Use one of four approaches: observing systematically, using tasks to sample behavior, asking people for self reports, and taking physiological measures Difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes Each egg and sperm contains 23 chromosomes, the first 22 pairs are called "autosomes", the 23rd pair determines the sex of the child an are known as "sex chromosomes" Difference between a geneotype and phenotype The complete set of genes that makes up a persons heredity is known as the person's "genotype". Genetic instructions in conjunctionwith environmental influences produce a "phenotype", an individuals physical, behavioral, and psychological features Three periods of Prenatal Development Takes an average of 38 weeks which are devided into three periods, "Zygote" 1-2 weeks, "Embryo" 3-8 weeks, "Fetus" weeks 9-38 General Risk Factors "Prenatal Development" Nutrition , Stress, and a Mothers age Teratogen Risk Factors "Prenatal Development" Drugs, Diseases, or Environmental hazards Stages of Labor "Stage 1" May last from 12 to 24 hours, the uterus starts to contract, first contractions are weak and irregular and gradually become stronger and more rhythmic, enlarging the cervix to approximately 10 cm Stages of Labor "Stage 2" The baby passes through the cervix and enters the vagina. The mother helps push the baby along by contracting muscles in her abdomen Stages of Labor "Stage 3" Lasts only minutes, the mother pushes a few more times to expel the placenta Benefits of Prepared Childbirth Classes The birth is more likely to be problem free when mothers and fathers understand whats happening during pregnancy, labor, and delivery Newborn Reflexes Babies are born with a number of different reflexes, some help to adjust to life out of the uterus, some help protect from danger, and some serve as the basis for later voluntary motor behavior Three types of Cries Basic cry, Mad cry, and Pain cry, the best way to calm a baby is by putting it on the shoulder and rocking