Bio Semester II Final
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Created by:
sashakondrashov on May 7, 2012
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169 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Biology | the science of life |
| organic molecule | carbon-based molecule |
| acidity | pH values below 7 |
| pH | a value that indicated the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0-14, based on the proportion of H+ ions. |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area |
| catalyze | to speed up; change the rate of |
| enzymes | protein substances that speed up chemical reactions. (biological catalysts) |
| fatty acids | simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells |
| hormones | chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another |
| monosaccharides | building blocks of carbohydrates |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| reactions | chemicals mixing with each other to either form reactants or products |
| biochemical pathway | a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction |
| mutation | a change or alteration in form or qualities (e.g. in DNA) |
| lysosomes | cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
| bond | an electrical force linking atoms |
| distilled water | pure water in which all the impurities or chemical solutes have been removed |
| active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| cell respiration | the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules |
| cell membrane | a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell |
| metabolism | the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life; set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes |
| nutrition | The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. |
| synthesis | Produces two daughter cells when DNA Replication occurs, held together by centromere |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work (cash money) |
| Mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| ribosomes | small round structures that make proteins |
| combustion | a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| aerobic respiration | cellular respiration that uses oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP |
| fermentation | like anaerobic respiration during glycolosis |
| pyruvate | Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis |
| oxidative respiration | series of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria, and the process by which cells get most of their energy. Associate it with aerobic respiration where 2 pyruvate-->o2-->acetyl Co-A-->Krebs cycle |
| glycolysis | splits glucose to make 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid (or in animals lactic acid) and release energy for the body in the form of ATP |
| glucose | The body's blood sugar; a simple form of carbohydrate c6 h12 06 |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll | any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms |
| mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration) |
| cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| lactic acid | product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells. |
| anaerobic respiration | Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. |
| eukaryotes | organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles |
| Krebs cycle | second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions |
| Acetyl-CoA | The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
| prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei |
| sensory neuron | a neuron that picks up stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse |
| motor neuron | nerve cell that carries messages away from the central nervous system towards the muscles and glands; efferent neuron |
| stimuli | information in the environment that activates the nerves in a sense organ |
| central nervous system | the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
| digestion | the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, nuclear membrane breaks down--> spindle fibers form centrioles at poles--> chromatin condenses to chromosomes |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up along middle of cell---> spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids |
| telophase | nuclear membranes reform--> spindle fibers breakdown/dissapear-->chromosomes uncoil to form chromatid |
| chromatids | two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material |
| centromere | protein that holds sister chromatids together beginning in synthesis-->anaphase |
| chromosome | threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes |
| centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
| gonads | male and female sex glands |
| testes | The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. |
| ovaries | located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone |
| gametes | reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| egg | Female sex cell |
| sperm | the male reproductive cell |
| polar body | a small cell formed during meiosis in a female. |
| trisomy | chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell |
| segregation | (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes |
| dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present |
| allele | one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same location on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits |
| X chromosome | the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females |
| Y chromosome | the sex chromosome that is carried by men |
| recessive | The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism. |
| hemoglobin | iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells |
| metaphase I | tetrads lining up in middle of cell order is random--> spindle fibers attach (meiosis I) |
| anaphase I | the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. (meiosis I) |
| telophase I | is identical to mitotic process, except that the number of chromosoms is now reduced by half. nuclear membrane reforms-->spindle fibers dissapearAfter this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II. (meiosis I) |
| prophase I | It is identical to its process in mitosis , except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. nuclear membrane breaks down--> spindle fibers form at poles--> chromatin coils-->chromosomes-->homologous chromosomes find each other--> form tetrad |
| metaphase II | sister chromatids align along center of cell-->spindle fibers attach. meiosis II |
| anaphase II | spindle fibers shorten sister chromatids separate (meiosis II) |
| telophase II | nuclear membrane reforms--. spindle fibers disappear-->dna uncoils--> chromatid (meiosis II) |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes with matching information |
| cancer | any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division |
| protein | Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, esp. as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies |
| RNA | a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins,(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell |
| double helix | a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis (DNA shape) |
| ribose | a five-carbon sugar present in RNA |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| uracil | a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine |
| nitrogen base | A basic compound that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine |
| replication | copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| transcription | (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA |
| translation | messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein (genetics) at a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| adenine | (biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA |
| thymine | a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine |
| cytosine | The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA |
| tRNA | "Tina Turner", transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| guanine | a purine base found in DNA and RNA |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome |
| protein synthesis | the formation of amino acids to make proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| independent assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype |
| deoxyribose | a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids |
| hydrogen bonds | very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| homozygous | having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal locations |
| heterozygous | having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal locations |
| codominant | A heterozygote in which both alleles are fully expressed |
| progeny | the immediate descendants of a person |
| punnett squares | a chart that shows the possible combination of alleles due to fertilization |
| pedigree | ancestry of a purebred animal/human/living thing |
| autosomal | all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked. |
| genotype | an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations |
| habitat | the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs |
| fertile | capable of reproducing |
| embryo | an animal/human organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life |
| geographic isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water |
| interbreeding | (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids |
| gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population; all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
| punctuated equilibrium | The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by species diverging in spurts of relatively rapid change, followed by long periods of little to no change |
| variations | any difference between individuals of the same species |
| convergence | the state of separate elements joining or coming together |
| fitness (evolution) | the reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population. It is determined by comparing the number of surviving fertile offspring that are produced with each member of the population. The most fit individuals are the ones that capture a disproportionate amount of resources and convert these resources into a larger number of viable offspring. |
| adaptation | the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions) |
| fossils | the perserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal |
| comparative anatomy | the study of anatomical features of animals of different species |
| niche | (ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species) |
| virus | particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells |
| secondary consumer | An organism that eats primary consumers |
| primary consumer | An organism that eats producers |
| organelles | small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs |
| spindle fibers | "fishing lines" that extend from centrioles at the cells poles that pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase |
| taxonomic system | system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together; kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species |
| kingdom | the largest group into which living things can be classified |
| phylum | major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division |
| class | (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders |
| order | (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families |
| family | (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more generations |
| genus | Group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature |
| species | (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed |
| bryophytes | A nonvascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts |
| pterophytes | Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns |
| gymnosperms | seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones |
| angiosperms | flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit |
| intestine | the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| esophagus | the passage between the pharynx and the stomach |
| mouth | the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge |
| gizzard | an enlargement of the digestive tract of some invertebrates, such as annelids and insects, that grinds food; a muscular region in the digestive tract of birds that grinds and softens food |
| crop | a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food |
| autotroph | plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances |
| heterotroph | an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition ex: other organisms. cant produce own food for nutrition |
| phylogeny | (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms |
| fungi | Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter |
| amphibians | vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded |
| arthropods | A group of organisms that have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, and reproduce sexually; insects, arachnids, millipedes and cenitpedes, and crustaceans |
| aves | Warm blooded; amniotic egg; wings; feathers; hollow bones; 4-chambered heart |
| mammals | vertebrates that live on land, fur or hair covers body, live birth, warm blooded |
| decomposition | (biology) decaying caused by bacterial or fungal action |
| coelom | space for organs |
| prophase II | nuclear membrane breaks down--> spindle fibers form--> DNA coils. meiosis II |
| anaphase | spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart to opposite poles |
| meiosis II | split up sister chromatids |
| meiosis I | split up homologous chromosomes |
| chromosomes | dna in its compact, coiled form. tightly wrapped around proteins |
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