1.
Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN): progressive; More power recently, and controls Lagos
2.
All-Nigeria People's Party (ANPP): northern-based, conservative; Historically has been the strongest opposition party to PDP, but only won 2.4% of 2011 Presidential vote; 31 seats in House, 7 in House
3.
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (or, Abadgaran): alliance of conservative parties founded in 2003; Ahmadinejad's coalition; lost seats in 2011 Majles election
4.
AP Comp Gov in UN: all
5.
AP Comp Gov on UN Security Council: UK, Russia, China
6.
bureaucracy: nonelective government officials
7.
Characteristics of non-democracies: Executive overwhelmingly stronger than other branches of government; authoritarian; no independent judiciary; political competition severely limited; media not free; individual rights not guaranteed; government may use fear /repression to keep authority; may suffer from widespread corruption
8.
Charismatic legitimacy: Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader. In AP Comp Gov, associated with Mao and Khomeini
9.
Chinese Communist Party: state-control of just about everything, recent economic liberalization; leader Hu Jintao
10.
Civil liberties: Individual rights regarding freedom usually given by a constitution (or the ruling political regime)
11.
Civil society: Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests; require voluntary associations
12.
Coinciding cleavages: When the various factors composing one's social identity tend to pull in the same direction. Seen as most detrimental to a society
13.
command economy: economic system in which a central authority is in command of the economy; a centrally planned economy; quotas often used
14.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF): 2nd largest party; advocate state control of many industries that have been privatized, a more independent judiciary, elimination of corruption & election fraud
15.
Constituency: People/place that an elected official represents
16.
Costa v ENEL (1964): asserted EU supremacy - court ruled that member states had transferred sovereign rights to the European Community; Community law could not be overridden by domestic law
17.
coup d'etat: A move in which military forces take control of the government by force
18.
Cross-cutting cleavages: When the various factors that make up an individual's social identity tend to pull that person in different political directions
19.
European Council: includes head of state or head of gov from each member state; meets at least 4x/year
20.
European Court of Justice: highest court of the European Union in matters of Community law, but not national law; not possible to appeal decisions of national courts to ECJ
21.
European Parliament: 700+ members elected by proportional representation from their countries to 5 year terms
22.
failed state: a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services
23.
Federal Countries in AP Comp Gov: Russia, Mexico, Nigeria
24.
Federalism: system in which significant state powers, such as taxation, lawmaking, and security, are transferred to regional or local bodies that control specific territory within the country. These powers are defined within the national constitution.
25.
Freedom House: Organization that studies democracy around the world and ranks countries on a 1 to 7 freedom scale, with countries given a 1 being the most free and those given a 7 being the least free.
26.
gini coefficient: A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.
27.
Globalization: intensification of worldwide interconnectedness; associated with: increased speed/amount of cross-border flows of trade & investment, migration, cultural diffusion, and communication
28.
Government: used to identify partisan officials and offices who are elected or appointed
29.
gross domestic product: the sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation
30.
Head of government: The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy.
31.
head of government in China (name): Wen Jinbao
32.
head of government in China (title): Premier
33.
head of government in Iran (name): Ahmadinejad
34.
head of government in Iran (title): President
35.
head of government in Mexico (name): Calderon
36.
head of government in Mexico (title): President
37.
head of government in Nigeria (name): Goodluck Jonathan
38.
head of government in Nigeria (title): President
39.
head of government in Russia (name): Medvedev (until Putin takes office)
40.
head of government in Russia (title): President
41.
head of government in UK (name): David Cameron (Deputy PM is Nick Clegg)
42.
head of government in UK (title): Prime Minister
43.
Head of state: The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.
44.
head of state in China (name): Hu Jintao
45.
head of state in China (title): President
46.
head of state in Iran (name): Khamenei
47.
head of state in Iran (title): Supreme Leader
48.
head of state in Mexico (name): Calderon
49.
head of state in Mexico (title): President
50.
head of state in Nigeria (name): Goodluck Jonathan
51.
head of state in Nigeria (title): President
52.
head of state in Russia (name): Putin (until he becomes President in May)
53.
head of state in Russia (title): Prime Minister
54.
head of state in UK (name): Queen Elizabeth
55.
head of state in UK (title): Monarch
56.
human development index: Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
57.
Illiberal democracies in AP Comp Gov: Russia, Mexico, Nigeria
58.
Illiberal democracy: A government which has regular, free and fair competitive elections, but does not guarantee civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, an open civil society or civilian control of the military.
59.
import substitution industrialization: an economic policy of replacing certain imported goods with a country's own manufactured goods
60.
Informal sector of the economy: segment of a state's economy that is not regulated or taxed ("black market")
61.
International Monetary Fund: "the world's central organization for international monetary cooperation": tries to ensure stability of international monetary system
62.
Iran - Broad Coalition of Principalists: recently-formed group of religiously conservative politicians opposed to Ahmadinejad; support Khamenei; won many seats in 2011 Majles election
63.
Iranian Reform Movement (or, Reforms Front): alliance of reformist parties; Mousavi's and Rafsanjani's coalition. Also referred to as the Khordad Front; won very few seats in 2011 Majles election
64.
Judicial review: mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution.
65.
Legitimacy: For a state to have this, a significant segment of citizens must believe that the state acts with authority
66.
less developed country: A country that lacks significant economic development or political institutionalization or both.
67.
Liberal democracies in AP Comp Gov: UK
68.
Liberal democracy: A government which has regular, free and fair competitive elections and guarantees civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, an open civil society and civilian control of the military
69.
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia: Far right, "ultranationalistic," advocates restoration of "natural borders" - taking back some Soviet republics
70.
Maastricht Treaty: created the European Union; signed 1992 and went into effect Nov 1, 1993; gave authority to EU in various areas: monetary policy, foreign affairs, national security, justice, transportation, environment, and tourism
71.
Major issues facing the EU: 1. sovereignty issues - particularly prevalent in the areas of monetary policy and issues before the European Court of Justice - backlash has fueled nationalistic movements in many member countries; 2. no unified military policy; 3. concern over free movement of workers; 4. not every country as adopted the euro as their currency
72.
market economy: an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices
73.
Mexico PAN: conservative, supported by middle-upper classes, north, tend to be more religious; current & previous Pres; Leader: President Calderon
74.
Mexico PRD: liberal, young and urban support; lost a lot of seats in '11 - blamed on Obrador's reaction to 2009 Presidential election loss
75.
Mexico PRI: centrist (used cooptation to take everyone's ideas), supported by rural, less educated, South; every Pres from 1929 until 2000; gained seats in '09 leg elections (have most but not majority); Leader: Pena Nieto
76.
microcredit: a small loan available to poor entrepreneurs, to help small businesses grow and raise the standard of living
77.
mixed economy: an economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion
78.
mixed electoral system: An electoral system that uses a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation.
79.
Nation: used to refer to a group of people with a common identity (may or may not have their own state or government)
80.
Nigeria - People's Democratic Party (PDP): center-right, most established, most Presidents have been; leader: President Goodluck Jonathan
81.
Non-democracies in AP Comp Gov: China, Iran
82.
Parasatal / quango: Industry partially owned by the state
83.
patron-client relationships: a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people; the powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support
84.
Plurality / first-past-the-post: An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat
85.
Political economy: how governments affect economic performance and how the economy in turn affects a country's political processes
86.
political efficacy: A belief that you can take part in politics or that the government will respond to the citizenry
87.
political socialization: The process by which basic political attitudes and beliefs are developed; continues throughout life
88.
proportional representation: An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote; often leads to a system with many competetive political parties
89.
purchasing power parity: a monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries
90.
rentier state: a country that obtains a large share of its income by leasing use of natural resources (often, oil) to foreign companies; may lead government neglecting citizens because their taxes are not necessary for the government to exist
91.
rule of law: A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, regardless of their power or authority.
92.
Russia - Yabloko: most consistent reformist party; Advocates greater civil liberties, democratic reforms, more integration with West, EU membership, many welfare state policies
93.
sharia: body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life
94.
Social Cleavages: profound societal differences, strongly rooted and capable of generating intense conflict
95.
sovereignty: A state's legal authority to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals.
96.
State: a country's key political institutions with internal and external sovereignty; responsible for making, implementing, enforcing and adjudicating important policies in that county
97.
state corporatism: A method of cooptation whereby authoritarian regimes create or sanction a limited number of organizations to present the interests of the public and restrict those not set up by or approved by the state. Makes the government appear to be less authoritarian but in reality the practice eliminates any input from groups not sanctioned or created by the states, but many citizens participate willingly because it is their only way to connect to the government. example in Mexico, PEMEX, the state run group that included all oil refineries.
98.
structural adjustment program: An economic policy adopted in exchange for financial support from international organizations (IMF, EU, etc); typically includes privatizing state-run firms, ending subsidies, reducing tariff barriers, shrinking the size of the state, and welcoming foreign investment.
99.
Supranational organizations: States "pool" their sovereignty (supreme, independent authority in a territory) in order to gain political, economic, and social power BUT states give up some individual sovereignty by joining; Examples: United Nations, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, European Union
100.
terrorism: The use of violence by people not directly affiliated with an organized government, against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
101.
theocracy: Government by religious leaders, who claim divine guidance.
102.
Traditional legitimacy: Legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time; often associated with a monarchy
103.
transparency: the degree to which citizens are able to observe relevant aspects of government decision-making
104.
Treaty of Lisbon 2009: strengthened power of European Parliament, created a long-term President of the European Council, made the Union's bill of rights (Charter of Fundamental Rights) legally binding
105.
UK Conservative Party: limited EU involvement, limited devolution, smaller welfare state, center-right or right; leader: PM David Cameron
106.
UK Labour Party: working-class, more gov control of industry, pro-devolution, pro-EU (ctr-left / left); leader Ed Milliband
107.
UK Liberal-Democratic Party: electoral reform, tuition reform, center-left; Leader: Deputy PM Nick Clegg
108.
Unitary Countries in AP Comp Gov: Iran, China, UK
109.
United Russia: fluid ideology / policy stances, supportive of Putin, Nashi - youth support group; recent support not as high as it once was
110.
vote of confidence: Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections.
111.
World Bank: focuses on long-term development and poverty reduction
112.
World Trade Organization: Main function: "to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible"; only Comp Gov country not a member is Iran
