Newman Science FINAL VOCAB (ch. 3-6)
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Created by:
AmieMartinez on May 7, 2012
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 proton | Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| neutron | Uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | Negatively charged, high-energy particle that moves in the space outside the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic mass unit (amu) | A unit of measurement for the mass of particles in atoms |
| valence electrons | The electrons that are farthest away from the nucleus of an atom and involved in chemical reactions |
| electron dot diagram | A representation of the number of valence electrons in an atom, using dots places around the symbol of an element |
| atomic mass | The average mass of one atom of an element |
| periodic table | An arrangement of the element in order of atomic number, in which elements with similar properties are grouped in columns |
| group | Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table (aka family) |
| period | A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
| malleable | Able to be pounded into shapes |
| ductile | Able to be pulled out, or drawn, into a long wire |
| conductor | A substance through which electrons move freely, transmitting heat or electricity |
| magnetic | A characteristic of those metals that are attracted to magnets and can be made into magnets |
| corrosion | The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction |
| alkali metals | The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table |
| alkali earth metals | The elements in Group 2 of the periodic table |
| transition metals | The elements in Group 3-12 of the periodic table |
| lanthanides | A group of elements in the first row of the rare earth metals in the periodic table (elements 58-71) |
| actinides | A groups of elements in the second row of the rare earth metals in the periodic table (elements 90-103 |
| nonmetal | An element that lacks most of the properties of metals |
| diatomic molecule | A molecule composed of two atoms |
| halogen family | The elements in Group 17 of the periodic table |
| noble gas | An element in Group 18 of the periodic table |
| metalloid | An element that has some characteristics of metals and some of nonmetals (border the zigzag line in the periodic table) |
| semiconductor | A substance that can conduct electricity under some conditions |
| plasma | A state of matter in which atoms are stripped of their electrons and the nuclei are packed closely together |
| nuclear fusion | The process in which smaller nuclei combine into larger nuclei, forming heavier elements and releasing energy |
| supernova | An explosion that breaks apart a massive star |
| ion | An atom or group of atoms that is electrically charged |
| ionic bond | The attraction between two oppositely charged ions |
| polyatomic ion | An ion that is made of more than one atom |
| crystal | An orderly, three-dimensional pattern of ions or atoms in a solid |
| covalent bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons |
| double bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other |
| molecular compound | A compound consisting of molecules of covalently bonded atoms |
| polar | A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally |
| nonpolar | A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally |
| mineral | A naturally occurring solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition |
| precipitate | A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction |
| endothermic reaction | A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat |
| exothermic reaction | A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat |
| chemical equation | A short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols instead of words |
| subscript | A number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ration of elements in a compound |
| reactant | A substance that enters into a chemical reaction |
| conservation of mass | The principle stating that matter is not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction |
| coefficient | A number placed in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many atoms or molecules of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction |
| synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substances (big to small) ex: 2SO + O + 2HO = 2HSO |
| decomposition | A chemical reaction that breaks down a compound into simpler products (small to big) ex: 2HO = 2HO + O |
| replacement | A reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound, or in which two elements in different compounds trade places ex: 2 CuO + C = 2 Cu + CO |
| activation energy | The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| concentration | The amount of one material dissolved in a given amount of another material |
| catalyst | A material that increases the rate of chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy |
| enzyme | A biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy of reaction in cells |
| inhibitor | A material that decreases the rate of a reaction |
| combustion | A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that produces thermal heat |
| fuel | A material that releases energy when it burns |
| suspension | A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration |
| solution | A very well-mixed mixture, having the same properties throughout |
| solvent | The part of a solution that is present in the largest amount and dissolves a solute |
| solute | The part of a solution present in a lesser amount and dissolved by the solvent |
| colloid | A mixture with small undissolved particles that do not settle out |
| dilute solution | A mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in it |
| concentrated solution | A mixture that has a lot of solute dissolved in it |
| solubility | A measure of how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature |
| saturated solution | A mixture that contains as much solute in it as possible at a given temperature |
| unsaturated solution | A mixture in which more of the same solute can be dissolved |
| supersaturated solution | A mixture that has more dissolved solute then is predicted by its solubility at the given temperature |
| acid | A substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red |
| base | A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue |
| indicator | A compound that changes color when in contact with an acid or base |
| hydrogen ion | A positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron |
| hydroxide ion | A negatively charged ion (OH-) made of oxygen and hydrogen |
| pH scale | A range of values from 1-14 that expresses the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| acid rain | Rainwater that is more acidic than normal rainwater |
| neutralization | A reaction between an acid and a base |
| salt | An ionic compound that can form from the neutralization of an acid and a base |
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