| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Autotrophic organisms use solar energy to | combine molecules of CO(2) + H(2)O into food |
| C(6)H(12)O(6) (chemical energy) is needed for | all organisms to exist on Earth and for oxygen |
| The sun is the ultimate source of | energy for all |
| Autotrophs use energy from the sun | directly |
| Heterotrophs use energy from the sun | indirectly |
| The sun allows the conversion of | light energy into chemical energy |
| The shorter the wavelength, the frequency is | higher |
| The colors associated with short wavelengths/high frequencies are | violet and blue |
| The longer the wavelength, the frequency is | lower |
| When wavelengths are longer, they are more | penetrating |
| The color associated with longer wavelengths is | red |
| Chlorophyll in leaves absorb 2 colors | red and blue |
| Which color does chlorophyll reflect? | green |
| The color of the pigment is | green |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O ---(in the presence of chlorophyll & light)---> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) |
| Leaves maximize what two things | light absorption and CO(2) diffusion |
| Mesophyll | middle layer between upper and lower epidermis |
| The Mesophyll is filled with | chloroplasts |
| The epidermis excretes a | waxy waterproof coating (cuticle) |
| Stomates are surrounded by | pair guard cells |
| How do guard cells work? | Guard cells swell with water, the stomata opens, carbon dioxide goes in, and oxygen and water are let out |
| Oxygen and water coming out is aka | transpiration |
| Accessory pigments | carotene and xanthophylls |
| Accessory pigments are in leaves, but can’t be seen until | the amount of chlorophyll decreases in the fall |
| What two types of reactions does photosynthesis have | light and dark |
| Light reactions | Chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, convert it to ATP, which then splits H(2)O into H(2) + O, & NADPH carries the H(2) to the dark reactions |
| Dark reactions (Calvin Cycle) | CO(2) gets fixated into 2 molecules of PGA (3-Carbon Sugar), then to PGAL with the NADPH + ATP from light |
| Rubisco | an enzyme which helps in c-fixation in the grana |
| Photosynthesis is affected by 5 limiting factors (LIOTCH) | Light intensity, O(2), temperature, CO(2), and H(2)O |
| Positive limiting factors | Temperature, light intensity, CO(2), and H(2)O |
| Negative limiting factor | O(2) |
| Epidermis means | skin |
| Usable energy in biological processes is always known as | ATP |
| Environmental conditions which restrict types of organisms and population numbers | 5 Limiting Factors |
| In the ocean, lack of light is due to | depth |
| Lack of light in the ocean is most important because | chemosynthesis occurs |
| 15-35 are the | temperature limits |
| Negative limiting factor | the more you have, the worse it is |
| Autotrophs give off | oxygen |
| Autotrophs take in | carbon dioxide |
| Heterotrophs give off | carbon dioxide |
| Heterotrophs take in | oxygen |
| In wavelength, both ends are | high |
| In wavelength, as you move more towards the middle, it | decreases |
| Light reactions take place in the | grana |
| Dark reactions take place in the | stroma |
| Grana is a stack of | thylakoids |
| In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced but | not used |
| Enzymes power | every reaction in an organism |
| When thylakoids are stacked, they’re considered a | surface area |
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