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Stone Age (30,000 b.c.-2500 b.c.) Characteristics: Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic structures Main Works/Artists: Lascaux Cave Painting, Woman of Willendorf, Stonehenge Ice Age ends (10,000 b.c.-8,000 b.c.); New Stone Age and first permanent settlements (8000 b.c.-2500 b.c.) Mesopotamian (3500 b.c.-539 b.c.) Characteristics: Warrior art and narration in stone relief Main Works/Artists: Standard of Ur, Gate of Ishtar, Stele of Hammurabi's Code Sumerians invent writing (3400 b.c.); Hammurabi writes his law code (1780 b.c.); Abraham founds monotheism Egyptian (3100 b.c.-30 b.c.) Characteristics: Art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb painting Main Works/Artists: Imhotep, Step Pyramid, Great Pyramids, Bust of Nefertiti Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3100 b.c.); Rameses II battles the Hittites (1274 b.c.); Cleopatra dies (30 b.c.) Greek and Hellenistic (850 b.c.-31 b.c.) Characteristics:Greek idealism: balance, perfect proportions; architectural orders(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) Main Works/Artists: Parthenon, Myron, Phidias, Polykleitos, Praxiteles Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490 b.c.); Peloponnesian Wars (431 b.c.-404 b.c.); Alexander the Great's conquests (336 b.c.-323 b.c.) Roman (500 b.c.- a.d. 476) Characteristics: Roman realism: practical and down to earth; the arch Main Works/Artists: Augustus of Primaporta, Colosseum, Trajan's Column, Pantheon Julius Caesar assassinated (44 b.c.); Augustus proclaimed Emperor (27 b.c.); Diocletian splits Empire (a.d. 292); Rome falls (a.d. 476) Indian, Chinese, and Japanese (653 b.c.-a.d. 1900) Characteristics: Serene, meditative art, and Arts of the Floating World Main Works/Artists: Gu Kaizhi, Li Cheng, Guo Xi, Hokusai, Hiroshige Birth of Buddha (563 b.c.); Silk Road opens (1st century b.c.); Buddhism spreads to China (1st-2nd centuries a.d.) and Japan (5th century a.d.) Byzantine and Islamic Characteristics: Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture and amazing maze-like design Main Works/Artists: Hagia Sophia, Andrei Rublev, Mosque of Córdoba, the Alhambra Justinian partly restores Western Roman Empire (a.d. 533-a.d. 562); Iconoclasm Controversy (a.d. 726-a.d. 843); Birth of Islam (a.d. 610) and Muslim Conquests (a.d. 632-a.d. 732) Middle Ages (500-1400) Characteristics: Celtic art, Carolingian Renaissance, Romanesque, Gothic Main Works/Artists: St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame, Chartres, Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto Viking Raids (793-1066); Battle of Hastings (1066); Crusades I-IV (1095-1204); Black Death (1347-1351); Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Early and High Renaissance (1400-1550) Characteristics: Rebirth of classical culture Main Works/Artists: Ghiberti's Doors, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael Gutenberg invents movable type (1447); Turks conquer Constantinople (1453); Columbus lands in New World (1492); Martin Luther starts Reformation (1517) Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430-1550) Characteristics: The Renaissance spreads north- ward to France, the Low Countries, Poland, Germany, and England Main Works/Artists: Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Dürer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545-1563); Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around the Sun (1543 Mannerism (1527-1580) Characteristics: Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature Main Works/Artists: Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520-1522) Baroque (1600-1750) Characteristics: Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious wars Main Works/Artists: Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Palace of Versailles Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants (1618-1648) Neoclassical (1750-1850) Characteristics: Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur Main Works/Artists:David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova Enlightenment (18th century); Industrial Revolution (1760-1850) Romanticism (1780-1850) Characteristics: The triumph of imagination and individuality Main Works/Artists: Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West American Revolution (1775-1783); French Revolution (1789-1799); Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803) Realism 1848-1900) Characteristics: Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein air rustic painting Main Works/Artists: Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet European democratic revolutions of 1848 Impressionism (1865-1885) Characteristics: Capturing fleeting effects of natural light Main Works/Artists: Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871); Unification of Germany (1871) Post-Impressionism (1885-1910) Characteristics: A soft revolt against Impressionism Main Works/Artists: Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat Belle Époque (late-19th-century Golden Age); Japan defeats Russia (1905) Fauvism and Expressionism (1900-1935) Characteristics: Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism); emotion distorting form Main Works/Artists:Matisse, Kirchner, Kandinsky, Marc Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World War (1914-1918) Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Stijl (1905-1920) Characteristics: Pre- and Post-World War 1 art experiments: new forms to express modern life Main Works/Artists: Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich Russian Revolution (1917); American women franchised (1920) Dada and Surrealism (1917-1950) Characteristics: Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the unconscious Main Works/Artists: Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo Disillusionment after World War I; The Great Depression (1929-1938); World War II (1939-1945) and Nazi horrors; atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945) Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art (1940s-1950s) (1960s) Characteristics: Post-World War II: pure abstraction and expression without form; popular art absorbs consumerism Main Works/Artists: Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Warhol, Lichtenstein Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965); U.S.S.R. suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956) Czechoslovakian revolt (1968) Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970- ) Characteristics: Art without a center and reworking and mixing past styles Main Works/Artists: Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles; Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. (1989-1991) Meow Town Meow Cats Characteristics: Main Works/Artists: