Human Neuropsychology Midterm
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LJGarofalo on May 7, 2012
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TCU Miller
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204 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Name the disorder associated with degeneration of caudate nucleus. | Huntington's disease |
| Name the structures of the limbic system. | Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Cingulate Cortex, Anterior Thalamus, Mammillary Bodies, Hippocampus, Parahippocampal Gyrus |
| What is the result of a lesion on Broca's area? | Person is unable to speak |
| What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe? | Emotion, personality, inhibitions, movements, executive control systems, morality, mood |
| What are the primary functions of the occipital lobe? | Visual processing |
| What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe? | Memory, Visual Item Recognition = specific item recognition, Auditory processing |
| What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe? | Processes information from all sensory modalities |
| CSF fluid is produced by _________________________. | Cloroid plexus |
| How does the brain get nutrients? | Because blood is being kept out due to the blood-brain barrier, the nutrients cells usually get from blood are made available through the CSF. |
| Name the 3 layers of the meninges in order from farthest away to closest to brain. | Dura, arachnoid, pia. |
| What are the symptoms of a meningioma? | Nausea, vomitting, headaches |
| Name the 3 parts of the brain stem. | Midbrain, pons, medulla. |
| What are the main subdivisions of the CNS? | Spinal cord, Brain stem, cerebellum, forebrain. |
| What are the functions of the medulla? | Respiration, heart rate, involuntary functions, autonomic nervous system |
| The reticular activating system is located in the _________________ and is important for ____________________________________________________________. | brain stem; arousal, attention, respiration and sleep/wake cycle |
| The reticular activating system secretes _________________________. | Norepinephrine |
| The pons is an important center for _________________ and ________________________. | types of eye movements; balance |
| The _______________________ is located in the pons and is a point where auditory information is relayed from the ear to the brain | Superior olive |
| Example: Touch someone when sleeping and they may not wake up. What does this exemplify? | Reticular activating system depressing of sensation |
| What structures are in the midbrain? Name their functions. | inferior colliculus: relay point for auditory information from ear to cortex;superior colliculus: visual system's equivalent to inferior colliculus; orient and perceive toward large moving objects |
| What are the symptoms of damage to the pons? | Stumbling, drunk-like, lack of balance |
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? | Guidance of motor activity; maintains balance, timing, and posture |
| Substantia nigra releases what hormone? | Dopamine |
| What happens when the substantia nigra is damaged? | Parkinson's disease; trembling |
| What happens when the superior and inferior colliculus are damaged? | Agnosia (in both vision and hearing) --> inability to localize sound or visual information |
| What is the sensory homunculus? | Different parts of the brain control different things |
| How is the amount of cortex used by the sensory homunculus determined? Give an example. | Amount of use by the part (ex. Eyes use a lot because we use them to do complex functions. Torso has a small area because we don't use it much. |
| What 3 areas are included in the cerebral commissures? | Corpus collosum, anterior commissure, white matter |
| What is white matter made up of? | Myelinated axons and glial cells. |
| Give the steps of the visual pathway. | Retina --> Optic Nerve --> LGN (Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (thalamus) --> Primary Visual Cortex (V17) --> Secondary Visual Cortex (V18 & V19) |
| Peripheral visual information goes to the _________________ side where as primary visual field information goes to the ________________ side. | Ipsilateral; contralateral |
| What happens when there is a complete bilateral lesion in the primary visual cortex? What are the symptoms? | Cortical blindness; can still see light/dark, think they can see. |
| Patient A says that she can see, but keeps bumping into things. She can tell when the lights are on and off, but claims that she has nothing wrong with her vision. Name the disorder and lesion site. | Cortical blindness; complete bilateral lesion to primary visual cortex |
| What happens when there is a complete unilateral lesion in the primary visual cortex? What are the symptoms? | Hemianopsia; half of the visual field in impaired --> can't recognize half of anything (shave half of face, eat half of plate, etc.) |
| If Patient B comes into the doctor's office with only the left side of his beard shaved, what disorder does he have? Where is the lesion? | Right hemianopsia; left unilateral lesion |
| What happens when the upper or lower part of one hemisphere of the primary visual cortex has a lesion? What are the symptoms? | Quadrantanopsia; quarter of the visual field is impaired |
| Patient A cannot see information in the upper right side of her visual field. What does she have? Where is the lesion in her brain? | Quadrantanopsia; Lower left bank region |
| Portion or spot of the visual field is blind: | Scotoma |
| Give the steps of the auditory pathway. | Cochlea --> Auditory Nerve --> Cochlear Nucleus (medulla) --> Superior olive (pons) --> Inferior Colliculus (midbrain) --> Medial Geniculate (thalamus) --> Primary Auditory Cortex (Heschl's Gyrus) --> Secondary Auditory Cortex |
| What happens when there is a complete bilateral lesion in the primary auditory cortex? What are the symptoms? | Auditory agnosia; only hear pure tone (essentially deaf) |
| What is the function of the basal ganglia? | initiation and termination of movements, particularly those oriented toward a goal or in response to stimulus |
| What happens when there is a complete unilateral lesion in the primary auditory cortex? What are the symptoms? | Cannot localize sounds |
| What four methods of imaging fall under the category "Electrical/Magnetic Activity?" | EEG, ERP, MEG, and ERF |
| What can CAT scans see? What can't they see? | Structures; no functioning |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of skull x-rays. | Ad: Quick, cheap Dis: Ionizing radiation. |
| What are the two structural imaging techniques? | CAT and MRI |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of a CAT scan. | Ad: Anyone can have it done; Dis: Involves ionizing radiation. Does not provide high spatial resolution. |
| What is the main difference between an fMRI and an MRI? | fMRIs show functioning AND structures, where as MRIs only show structures |
| What two methods of imaging fall under the category "Functional/Metabolic Imaging?" | PET and fMRI |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of an MRI scan. | Ad: Can see white matter tracts, Detect different substances, No radiation, and good spatial resolution; Dis: Claustrophobia, cannot be used on people with metal in their bodies. |
| What is one use for an EEG? | good for seeing seizure activity |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of a PET scan. | Ad: Assesses many aspects of physiological functioning; Dis: 4-5 scans per year due to the ionizing radiation; long time. |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of an fMRI scan. | Ad: Good spatial resolution is short amount of time, widely available, repeated uses. Dis: No metal in body, |
| Briefly describe how an MRI works. | MRI machines rely on 3 magnetic fields. First, the static (constant) field (1) causes all of the magnetically sensitive particles line up. The pulse sequence (2) measures how long those particles take to return to their original state. Finally, the gradient field (3) detects where the signals are coming from, which allows for 3D images. |
| Briefly describe what a DTI shows. What kind of patient uses these? How does it work? | Anatomical connectivity in the brain. Good for babies and people who can't sit still. Uses lasers almost. |
| Put these in order from most dense to least dense: bone, blood, CSF, brain tissue. | CSF, tissue, blood, bone |
| What is a TMS? What does it do? | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; deactivates the areas you want to deactivate; helps to understand neuroplasticity |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of a EEG scan. | Ad: Provides information on the general state of the person, excellent temporal resolution; Dis: Difficult to determine source from within the brain, difficult to detect activity of cells parallel to the brain's surface |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of an ERP scan. | Ad: Info that has been linked to specific psychological processes (memory and attention), excellent temporal resolution; Dis: Difficult to determine source from within the brain, difficult to detect activity of cells oriented parallel to the brain's surface |
| Name the advantages and disadvantages of a MEG scan. | Ad: Provides better information than EEG or ERP about the source of the signal, not susceptible to differences in conduction of tissue intervening between the brain and scalp; Dis: Large set-up with shielded room, Cannot detect cells with orientations radial to the brain's surface |
| Patient A is coming in for her 6th PET scan this year. Is this safe? Why or why not? | NO! PET scans use an ionizing fluid that shouldn't be ingested more than about 4-5x/year |
| Patient B is coming in for his 6th fMRI this year. Is this safe? Why or why not? | Yes! fMRIs do not use ionizing radiation, so they are safe to be done over and over. |
| Movement and action are controlled by: | Cerebral cortex (motor and association cortex), basal ganglia, and cerebellum |
| What are the two motor cortex pathways? | Cortico-spinal tract and cortico-bulbar tract |
| The Babinski (Plantar) reflex is used to test for __________ injuries. | Cortico-spinal tract |
| What is the Babinski (Plantar) reflex? | Rub a blunt object under the foot, toes curl under |
| Patient A has her Babinski reflex tested. During this process, her toes curl up. What does this mean? What symptoms will she show? | Patient A has a cortico-spinal tract injury; Hyperreflexia (twitching, spastic tendencies) and/or Spasticity (spasms of the muscles) |
| Damage to the cortico-spinal tract produces ______________. | Hemiplegia |
| What is the function of the cortico-spinal tract? | Precise movements of the limbs, fingers, and toes |
| Describe the process of the cortico-spinal tract. | Cortex (pre- and post-central gyri, supplementary motor) --> Axons cross in lower medulla --> Synapse on motor neurons in spinal cord |
| Describe the process of the cortico-bulbar tract. | Cortex (pre- and post-central gyri, supplementary motor) --> Descends with cortico-spinal tract until midbrain --> Cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem |
| What is the function of the cortico-bulbar tract? | Precise movements of the face, mouth and eyes |
| Damage to the cortico-bulbar tract produces ______________. | Loss of voluntary movements of the face |
| What is the test used to test for cortico-bulbar tract injuries? | Test for voluntary and involuntary facial expressions, such as a smile. Ex. Ask patient to smile. Then, separately tickle them. |
| Patient B is asked to smile. He doesn't respond. But, when the experimenter tickles Patient B, he smiles like normal. What disorder does Patient B have? | Cortico-bulbar tract injury |
| What is the function of the Subcortical (basal ganglia) Motor System? | very early initiation of movement |
| Huntington's disease is a _________ disorder. | Subcortical "motor" |
| Huntington's disease is caused by atrophy of what? | putamen and caudate nucleus |
| Patient A gets a CAT scan done of her brain. The doctor notices that her lateral ventricles are enlarged. What disorder does Patient A have? | Huntington's disease |
| What are some of the motor symptoms of Huntington's disease? | jerky movements of the limbs with no reason. Motor slowing. |
| What are some of the cognitive symptoms of Huntington's disease? | attention and memory dysfunction, spatial deficits (cannot navigate in the world); apathy |
| What are some of the emotional symptoms of Huntington's disease? | Depression, mania, paranoid psychosis |
| Parkinson's Disease is caused by __________. | Degeneration of the substantia nigra |
| The _______ produces dopamine. When this is damaged, it causes_____. | Substantia nigra; Parkinson's |
| What are the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease? | tremors, cogwheel rigidity, Akinesia, Bradykinesia |
| Bradykinesia and Akinesia are both symptoms of _________. Define each one. | Parkinson's disease. Bradykinesia: slowness in execution of movement. Akinesia: slowness or lack of initiating movement |
| What are the cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease? | cognitive slowing, memory retrieval, executive functioning, attention |
| What are the emotional symptoms of Parkinson's disease? | impoverished feelings and emotions, depression |
| What are the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome? | involuntary tics and vocalizations, echolalia, swearing (coprolalia) |
| 50% of Tourette's patients show signs of _____________. | OCD |
| Tourette's syndrome is caused by ____________. | hypersensitive dopamine receptors in caudate |
| Name the 4 Subcortical (Motor) disorders. | Huntington's, Parkinson's, Tourette's, Tardive dyskinesia |
| What are the symptoms of Tardive Dyskinesia? | involuntary movements of face, mouth, head, and tongue; dystonia (define) |
| What is the cause of Tardive Dyskinesia? | side effect of anti-psychotic drugs |
| Is Tardive Dyskinesia curable? | yes. Simply stop taking the anti-psychotic drugs |
| Match Parkinson's, Tourette's, Tardive Dyskinesia, and Huntington's disease with their amount of dopamine. | Parkinson's - lack of dopamine; Tourette's and Tardive Dyskinesia - hypersensitivity to dopamine; Huntington's - excessive dopamine |
| Which hemisphere is the prominent area of problems in apraxia? What lobes? | left; parietal and frontal |
| The caudate nucleus and putamen make up the ______. | Striatum |
| The praxis consists of which areas? What is it responsible for? | parietal, prefrontal, motor, and subcortical regions; motor action plans |
| What are the motor impairments of damage to the lateral cerebellum? | Decomposition of movements, ballistic movements miss target, new motor learning impaired |
| What are the cognitive impairments of damage to the lateral cerebellum? | Procedural learning, attention and arousal (changes in alertness), cognitive "timing" |
| What is an apraxia? | Inability to coordinate skilled movements |
| Lesion in oral (buccofacial) apraxia. | Frontotemporal lesion, including frontal and central apercula, a small are of the superior temporal gyrus adjacent to these two frontal regions, and the anterior part of the insula (tucked in Sylvian fissure) |
| Lesion in limb apraxia. | Left parietal or parietotemporal regions. |
| Lesion in ideational apraxia. | left posterior temporal-parietal junction, lateral sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, |
| Lesion in Ideomotor apraxia. | Left parietal and premotor areas |
| Lesion in callosal apraxia. | Corpus callosum |
| Callosal apraxia involves a disconnection between the _____ , which specializes in _____ and the ______, which specializes in ______. | left hemisphere; skilled motor sequencing; right hemisphere; motor functioning of the left hand |
| Briefly describe the effects of callosal apraxia. Give an example. | Cannot use left hand based on commands; Verbally instructed to do something with the left hand, can't. |
| Briefly describe the effects of oral (buccofacial) apraxia. Give an example. | Impairment of voluntary movements of the face (lips, tongue, larynx, cheeks); sucking through a straw |
| Briefly describe the effects of limb apraxia. Give an example. | Disrupts ability to use arms in functioning; can't open a door, open a can, etc. |
| Lesion in constructional apraxia. | Right or left parietal and left frontal areas |
| Lesion in dressing apraxia. | Right parietal region |
| What is the difference between ideational apraxia and Ideomotor apraxia? | Ideational: inability to imitate action with hand (saluting) Ideomotor: inability to use an actual object |
| Briefly describe the effects of ideational apraxia. Give an example. | Inability to form an "idea" of movement. Ex. Doesn't process that you need to put on socks before shoes. |
| Briefly describe the effects of Ideomotor apraxia. Give an example. | Disconnection of the idea of movement and the execution of movement; Ex. Less concrete actions, such as gestures |
| Briefly describe the effects of constructional apraxia. Give an example. | Items cannot be correctly manipulated with respect to each other. Ex. Cannot copy a building block design. |
| Briefly describe the effects of dressing apraxia. Give an example. | Difficulty orienting putting on clothes. Ex. Can't comprehend to bend elbow to put on a blouse. |
| Both constructional and dressing apraxias are often associated with _________. | spatial-processing difficulties and hemineglect |
| What is an agnosia? | Modality-specific recognition disorder |
| T or F. In agnosias, sensory processing is intact but stored memories are not. | False. Both sensory processing and stored memories are intact |
| Perceptual dysfunction includes _______. (2) | apperceptive agnosia and Simultagnosia |
| Memory access agnosias include ________. (3) | visual object agnosia, prosopagnosia, and associative agnosia |
| What is the basic problem with apperceptive agnosia? (write out symptoms and have self define them on study guide) | Difficulty in forming a mental impression of something perceived by the senses (can see, but can't perceive) |
| Where does "apperceptive agnosia" stop in the visual process? Image --> shape coding --> figure/ground feature integration grouping --> mapping to structural description --> semantic knowledge | After image coding |
| Where does "associative agnosia" stop in the visual process? Image --> shape coding --> figure/ground feature integration grouping --> mapping to structural description --> semantic knowledge | After mapping to structural description |
| Name the symptoms and conditions of apperceptive agnosia. | Normal acuity, cannot match, recognize, discriminate or copt simple visual stimuli, cannot group features, trouble perceiving overall form |
| We have a smiley face with a line through it. Patient A cannot realize that it is a smiley face. What disorder does she have? | Apperceptive agnosia |
| When given a picture of a bicycle from a side view and an aerial view, Patient B can only recognize the side view as a bike. What disorder does he have? | Apperceptive agnosia |
| What can aid recognition of objects for an apperceptive agnosia patient? | Motion or manual tracing |
| Where is the lesion site of apperceptive agnosia? | Diffuse bilateral occipital lobe (sparing primary visual cortex) OR Unilateral - right hemisphere lateral occipital/temporal lobes |
| Where is the lesion site of associative agnosia? | Bilateral injury in the lateral occipital-temporal area (cortical + subcortical). |
| Describe the lesions of associative agnosia. What do they involve? | The lesions are deep (cotrical and subcotrical) and typically invovle white matter. The involvement of white matter can disrupt the connection between the cortical areas and the hippocampus (memory), which inhibits the connection between memory and learning and seeing. |
| What is the basic problem with associative agnosia? (write out symptoms and have self define them on study guide) | Can't say what something looks like but know what it is and what it's used for. |
| What is Simultagnosia? | Only perceive or see one object at a time/ normal visual field but act blind |
| What are the two types of Simultagnosia? Describe the difference. | Dorsal: Literally can't see more than one object at one time. Ventral: Cannot perceive more than one object, but know there are others there. |
| Lesion site for dorsal Simultagnosia. | Bilateral parietal-occipital damage |
| Lesion site for ventral Simultagnosia. | Left inferior temporal occipital damage |
| What is visual object agnosia? What can and can't they do? | Patient can't name objects, state their use, sort them by category. They CAN recognize faces, describe parts of an object, copy unrecognized objects, and can recognize objects through other modalities (touch, smell, and sound) |
| Lesion site of visual object agnosia. | Bilateral injury in lateral occipital-temporal areas (cortical + subcortical) |
| What is prosopagnosia? | Cannot recognize faces as certain people, but they know a face is a face. |
| IN THIS SPOT, GO BACK TO MIDTERM REVIEW AND WRITE THE QUESTIONS ABOUT PROSOPAGNOSIA | ANSWERS |
| Prosopagnosia patients can see _________ but they can't see __________. | Individual features; the face as a whole |
| Prosopagnosia lesion sites: | Temporal, medial toward occipital (fusiform & parahippocampal gyri); Bilateral ventral-medial surfaces of the temporal-occipital lobes; (just know this) unilateral right ventral-medial surfaces of the temporal-occipital lobes |
| What part is spared in prosopagnosia? | V1 (primary visual cortex) |
| What is the significance to the calcarine fissure and vision? | Affects quadranopsia --> lesion above calcarine fissure causes vision loss in the lower quadrant and vice versa |
| What is the difference between the left and right hemispheres in terms of detail and processing? | LH - detail specific processing RH - whole meaning/whole picture processing |
| What is auditory agnosia? | Affecting recognition of all sounds. |
| Where are the general areas of lesion in auditory agnosia? | Left and right regions of primary auditory cortex |
| Name the auditory agnosias. | Word deafness, agnosia for nonverbal sounds, amusia, |
| What are the symptoms of word deafness? Under what umbrella does this disorder fall? | Can hear sounds but don't have language comprehension skills; auditory agnosias |
| Lesion in word deafness: | bilateral cortical/subcortical anterior part of superior temporal gyrus OR unilateral L subcortical temporal, destroying axons entering Wernicke's Area |
| Define attention: | Ability to detect and respond to stimuli |
| What are the two basic types of attention? | Neural and psychological |
| At the psychological attention level, attention implies ________. | Preferential allocation |
| Describe the meaning of neural attention. | Coronal activation in response to various stimuli |
| Attention causes an activation of _____ component when you have _______ activation. | Psychological; neural attention |
| What are the three types of attention? | Alertness and arousal, vigilance, selective attention |
| In attention, what is alertness and arousal? | Basic attention that allows a person to select different stimuli in the environment to focus on |
| In attention, what is vigilance? | the ability to sustain attention |
| In attention, what is selective attention? | ability to scan events and pick out the important stimuli |
| Can selective attention happen over multiple modalities? | YES! Smell food and pay attention in class |
| Describe bottom-up processing. Plus exmaple. | Taking small information and drawing a bigger conclusion. Ex. See a couch and a tv --> probably a living room |
| Describe top-down processing. Plus example. | Taking prior conceptual knowledge and pulling out and extracting small information. Ex. This is a living room. It probably has a couch. |
| T or F. We are constantly and equally as often cycling through top down/bottom up processing. | TRUE |
| Dorsal (occipito-parietal) is the "_____" system that is specialized for ______. | where; spatial analysis |
| Ventral (occipito-temporal) is the "_____" system specialized for _____. | What; object perception and recognition |
| The parietal lobe is important for ______ and ________ aspects of attention. | visual; spatial |
| Anterior cingulate cortex is important for _________. | attention selection |
| Where is the anterior cingulate cortex located? | In front of cingulate gyrus |
| The frontal lobe is important for _________ of attention. | Complex aspects |
| Where is the executive control for attention? | Frontal lobe |
| Patient B is in a lecture hall and keeps yawning. Describe briefly why he doesn't just fall asleep. | Top-down processing tells him that it's not appropriate to sleep in class; frontal lobe inhibits him from taking action on his yawns |
| The ______ is responsible for on-line holding of information. | Frontal lobe |
| Patient A is reading a book. In order to input the information into memory and also process the new information, her mind must be "______." This is an example of what? | On-line; on-line holding of information |
| There are two ways to process information. Name them and define them. | Serial: process only 1 character at a time Parallel: process mutiple things at one time (think letters in a word. Just process the word) |
| What is hemineglect? | Lack of attention to one side of space. |
| What side is usually impaired in hemineglect? | Left |
| Hemineglect is a result of _______ damage. | Parietal |
| List the 4 things that hemineglect does NOT impair. Define them. | Orientation, arousal, representation, intention |
| Name some clinical features of hemineglect. | Only shave right side of face, only draw right half of something |
| Although hemineglect mainly affects the ________, other modalities may be affected as well. | visual sphere |
| T or F. Hemineglect always is accompanied by hemianopsia and hemiparesis. | FALSE. It SOMETIMES can, but not always. |
| Patient A, who has hemineglect, is trying to recall and describe the Eiffel tower from her trip to Paris. She only seems to be describing the right side. What is she exemplifying? | Sensory-representational component of neglect |
| The decreased likelihood to explore the left side of space is known as ______. | motor-exploratory aspects of unilateral neglect |
| Define motivational aspects of unilateral neglect. | The belief that nothing important is occuring on the left side of space. |
| At what level do patients ignore the stimuli on the left (peripherally or centrally; early-selection or late-selection deficit)? How do you test this? | Central; late-selection |
| What is anosognosia? | loss of ability to recognize or acknowledge an illness or bodily defect (delusion that the paralyzed limb belongs to someone else) |
| What is the recovery rate for people with hemineglect? | 50% of patients: 9-43 weeks. Good recovery |
| Clinical evidence - contralesional neglect is more frequent, severe, and lasting after right hemisphere lesions. Why is this the case? | The right hemisphere attributes to both the left and right sides, while the left only attributes to the right. |
| What is the traditional lesion site for unilateral neglect? New evidence shows what other sites may be involved? | Right inferior parietal lobe; frontal, cingulate gyrus, striatum, thalamus |
| The left hemisphere attends to ______ while the right hemisphere attends to ______. | Right side; both sides |
| Unilateral neglect is not a "parietal syndrome", rather it is an "______." | attentional network syndrome |
| Contructional disorders have problems: | relational space between items, drawing, assembling, building |
| What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex? | Integrates sensory, motivational, and arousal information to create a epresentational map of space |
| Damage to the posterior parietal cortex: | can't navigate the world; can't orient self based on landmarks. |
| Constructional disorders are caused by lesions to the ____. | LH - (parietal) RH - (posterior) |
| Right hemisphere patients are those who have ______ damage. | Right hemisphere damage |
| Patient A is presented with an "M" made out of small z's. When asked to copy it, she draws a large M (three lines). Which hemisphere of Patient A's brain is damaged? | left hemisphere |
| Topographic disorders are associated with: | scene learning (navigational) deficits |
| In this space, list the impairments associated with topographic disorders just like Dr. miller did with prosopagnosia. [answer: :)] | :) |
| Lesion site for topographic disorders. | R medial temporal (parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus) OR L or R linguel gyrus |
| Lesion site for left/right disorientation. | Left parietal regions |
| What is the difference in LH lesions and RH lesions in left/right disorientation? | LH - can't recognize on self RH - can't recognize on anyone else. |
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