Bio SAT: Ch. 4 Cell Structure
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The 3 main areas of eukaryotic cell | 1. cell wall and/or membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus |
| Cytoplasm contains.. | organelles |
| Cell wall and/or membrane forms... | the outer layer |
| The nucleus is bounded by... | nuclear membrane |
| Nucleus contains... | chromosomes |
| Which kingdoms have both cell walls and membranes? | both bacteria kingdoms plantae fungi |
| Which kingdom only has cell membrane (no cell wall)? | animalia |
| Plants' cell walls are made of ____ which is a poly_________ | cellulose polysaccharide |
| Bacteria's cell walls are made of ______ and _____. The name for this substance is _________. | Protein and sugar Peptidoglycan |
| Fungi's cell walls are made of ______ which is a poly_________ that's similar to ________. | Chitin Polysaccharide cellulose |
| Cell membranes are made of... | lipids and proteins |
| Cell membranes contain phospholipids. What do these lipids form? | phospholipid bilayer |
| Why are phospholipid bilayers effective for cell membranes? | inside and outside of cell are aqueous/watery fatty middle layer prevents ALL hydrophilic substances for passing through |
| Cell membranes are _________________ meaning that they only allow certain substances to pass through | selectively permeable |
| What is simple diffusion? What type of transport is it? | movement of hydrophobic substances down their concentration gradient (high --> low) |
| Why can simple diffusion only move ______ substances? | hydrophobic substances are carried through lipid space, so they must be interactive with phospholipid tails |
| Simple diffusion uses energy. T or f? | F |
| What is used in facilitated diffusion? Name and describe the 2 types | proteins 1. channels: highly specific to specific substances 2. carriers: attach to substance, pulls it into cell |
| Substances that pass are not hyd_________ | hydraphobic |
| Active transport needs ... | energy |
| What makes active transport different? | moves substances against conc. gradient (low --> high) active transport- needs energy |
| What types of substances can be moved through active transport (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)? | both |
| Are proteins used in active transport? | yes |
| What are 2 types of bulk transport? | 1. endocytosis 2. exocytosis |
| What is endocytosis? | outside particle surrounded and engulfed within vesicle (pocket) |
| What is exocytosis? | opposite of endocytosis particle in cell is released to outside by fusing vesicle with the membrane |
| What is osmosis? | diffusion of water down conc. gradient |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | highly concentrated with a solute more particles outside cell than inside |
| What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions? | shrivel up |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | fewer particles outside cell than inside |
| What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions? | swell up/burst |
| What is an isotonic solution? | same concentration of substance outside and inside cell |
| What happens to cells in isotonic solutions? | nothing, not affected |
| prokaryotes have organelles. T or F? | False |
| Which eukaryotic organelle is not membrane bound? What is their function | ribosomes sites of protein synthesis/makes proteins |
| Which eukaryotic organelles are double membrane bound? | nucleus and mitochondira |
| What is a vacuole? | stores waste and other materials |
| Where are ribosomes located? | on rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| What are smooth endoplasmic reticulums? | system of membrane and tubes that moves substances around cell |
| Which eukaryotic organelle sorts and packages proteins? | golgi apparatus |
| What do rough endoplasmic reticulums? | holds ribosomes |
| What is mitochondria? | makes ATP |
| Which eukaryotic organelle digests foreign substances and "dead" organelles? | lysosomes |
| Centrioles help form ____ during ______. | spindles during mitosis |
| Nucleus contains ...? | genetic material |
| Which organelle makes ribosomes? | Nucleolus |
| Cell membrane regulates...? | what goes in and out of cell |
| What is the disadvantage of using heat to speed up reactions? | heat may damage the cells and cause intended reactions |
| What do enzymes/catalysts do? | speed up reactions |
| What is the "lock and key" theory? | enzymes match up perfectly with substrates |
| Where are the active sites of an enzyme? | where substrate and enzyme bind |
| Enzymes are substrate _____. | specific |
| Enzymes did after catalyzing a reaction. T or F? | false they are recycled |
| Enzymes are p______ and o______ | proteins and organic |
| What denatures enzymes? | heat acids/bases |
| What molecules help enzymes? What is an example of this? | coenzymes vitamins |
| Why are vitamins essential? | without them many enzymes would not function properly and many chemical reactions would not occur |
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