1.
Adenocarcinoma: 40% of all cases of lung cancer, most common, originates in peripheral lung areas - outer regions. Develops in bronchial glands of alveoli.
2.
Anemia hypoxia: type of hypoxia; poor O2 delivery from too few RBCs or abnormal/too little hemoglobin
3.
Atelectasis: a collapsed lung. Can be caused by plugged airways, like in pneumonia with mucous plugging the airway.
4.
Atmospheric pressure (Patm): pressure exerted by air surrounding the body; 760mmHg (1 atm)
5.
Bronchial circulation: separate set of vessels to nourish the tissue. Bronchiole arteries supplies blood to the lung. Pulmonary veins return the blood given to the lungs by the bronchial arteries.
6.
Bronchopulmonary segments: subdivisions of each lobe of the lungs. Each has its own artery and vein, own bronchial supply
7.
Carbon Monoxide poisoning: Leading cause of death from fires. Very competitive with O2 for binding to hemoglobin. Doesn't produce typical hypoxia symptoms - no cyanosis or respiratory distress. Instead it presents with confusion, throbbing HA, turns Hb cherry red. Treat by flushing CO out of the system with hyperbaric chambers, O2 therapy.
8.
Central chemoreceptors: regulate respiration; located in the medulla
9.
Cystic Fibrosis: genetic condition; produces sticky and viscous mucous in the lungs, making it a breeding ground for bacteria, which release toxins, leading to inflammation and chronic damage. Pancreatic duct also gets clogged by mucous, preventing enzymes from reaching pancreas and movement of bile
10.
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
11.
Deoxyhemoglobin: release of oxygen from hemoglobin
12.
Eupnea: Normal respiration rate; 12-15 breaths/min
13.
External respiration: movement of O2 from lungs to blood, and CO2 from blood to lungs; exchange of gases to outside of the body
14.
Henry's Law: when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
15.
Histotoxic hypoxia: type of hypoxia; cells are unable to use O2, even though an adequate amount is being delivered. Can occur as a result of poison
16.
hypercapnia: elevated CO2
17.
Hyperventilation: increase in rate and depth of breathing. You exceed body's normal need to remove CO2, which will drop. In panic and stress, you get dizzy and feel faint because you are not getting enough blood to the brain, and the brain wants you to lay down to get more blood
18.
Hypocapnia: too little CO2 in blood. Body's response is to constrict cerebro blood vessels, reducing perfusion (blood flow) to the brain, aka cerebral ischemia. Breathe into a bag to bring CO2 levels back up to restore cerebral perfusion. You could also breathe slowly, hold breath, and exhale
19.
Hypoxemic hypoxia: results from low partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries. Not enough oxygen is getting in the body, or cells are not picking it up
20.
Hypoxia: general term for inadequate O2 delivery to the tissues. When hemoglobin saturation is below 75%, the skin will become cyanotic, particularly under fingernails
21.
Internal respiration: movement of blood to tissues, and CO2 from cells to blood; exchange of gases inside the body
22.
Intrapleural pressure (Pip): air pressure in pleural cavity - between lungs and rib cage.
23.
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul): air pressure in alveoli. Changes are we breathe
24.
Ischemic hypoxia: type of hypoxia; impaired circulation leads to low O2. Can be due to CHF (systemic) or localized (clots)
25.
laryngopharynx: right behind the epiglottis and above the glottis
26.
Level Hemoglobin saturation will stop increasing: 100mmHg
27.
Lung compliance: ability of lungs to expand
28.
nasopharynx: back portion of the nasal cavity
29.
oral pharynx: the area right behind the uvula
30.
oxyhemoglobin: binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
31.
Partial Pressure of oxygen in the alveoli: 104mmhg.
32.
Partial Pressure of oxygen in the blood: 40mmhg
33.
Perfusion: amount of blood flowing though the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
34.
Peripheral chemoreceptors: regulate respiration; located in aorta and carotid arteries
35.
Pneumothorax: a disruption in transpulmonary pressure causing a lung collapse. Can occur from chest wound putting higher pressure in the pleural cavity. Treat by closing the wound and using a chest tube to restore pressure.
36.
Pontine Respiratory Centers: fine tune breathing rhythm, smooth transitions from inspiration is prolonged and pauses, apneustic breathing
37.
Pulmonary circulation: brings deoxygenated systemic blood to lungs to get O2. Consists of pulmonary arteries, capillaries in alveoli, and pulmonary veins returned O2 blood to heart
38.
Pulmonary Ventilation: air movement in and out of lungs; breathing
39.
Respiratory gas transfer: transport of gases to and from tissues through blood
40.
Small cell carcinoma: 20% of all cases, originates bear bronchi, grows aggressively. Invades mediastinum, spreading is likely. Surgical removal is the first treatment. If metastasized, use radiation or chemo, survival rate is still poor.
41.
Squamous cell carcinoma: 25-30% of all cases of lung cancer, associated with the lining of the bronchi
42.
tidal volume: amount of air moving into the lungs, usually 500mL
43.
Transpulmonary pressure: difference between Intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure, usually 4mmHg
44.
Type I cells: flat large squamous cells making up walls of respiratory structures. Supported by their basement membrane. Because it is so thin, diffusion of gases between air and blood can occur
45.
Type II cells: Green fluffy cells of the respiratory system that produce surfactant
46.
Ventilation: amount of gas reaching the alveoli
47.
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG): In the medulla; primary rhythm generator for the respiratory system. Contains neurons that fire to control inspiration, and neurons to inhibit those in expiration
