Biochem 2 final
Order by
57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 formation of malonyl-CoA (1 ATP) by ACC | how is acetate activated for FA synthesis? |
| Palmitic Acid (16 Carbons) | what is the longest FA product synthesized by FA synthetase? |
| converts malate to pyruvate while producing 1 NADPH for use in FA biosynthesis | what is function of malic enzyme? |
| transfers carboxyl group from biotin carboxylase to acyl-CoA on carboxyltransferase subunit. | what is the function of biotin in FA synthesis? |
| Glycolysis & Fatty acid oxidation | Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA sources are? these are linked with oxaloacetate by citrate synthase to form citrate to cross membrane into the cytosol; then converted back to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by ATP-citrate lyase. |
| Amino Acid degradation | Cytosolic acetyl-CoA sources are? thee create a small amount... |
| Animals | these organisms form FA biosynthesis with FAS I, which is a multifunctional homodimer which includes a biotin carboxyl carrier, carboxylase, and a carboxyltrasferase. dones not contain ACC. |
| Plants/Bacteria | these organisms form FA synthesis with three separate subunits. AKA FAS II |
| Fungi/Yeast | these organisms have two multifunctional polypeptides that form FA synthesis. |
| Addition of 2-Carbon units at carboxyl end of chain using malonyl-CoA. (decarboxylation of malonyl CoA is the driving force) | how do fatty acids further elongate in eukaryotes, in ER? |
| addition of acetyl units by thiolase reaction. NADPH used to saturate. | how do fatty acids further elongate in eukaryotes, in mitochondria? |
| Malonyl-CoA | this inhibits carnitine acyltransferase, which inhibits beta-oxidation. causes FA synthesis |
| Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) | this is inhibited by FA-CoA and activated by citrate |
| FA-CoA & glucagon | these inhibit ACC |
| Citrate & insulin | these activate ACC |
| FA synthesis is initiated to store excess sugar for late use. | when blood sugar is high, what happends with FA metabolism |
| Stored fats are released from storage in adipose cells to be degraded and used for energy | when blood sugar is low, what happens with FA metabolism? |
| glucagon is releases to break down FA | what is hormonal response to a decrease in blood sugar? |
| insulin releases to store sugars as FA | what is hormonal response to an increase in blood sugar? |
| TAG lipases | these are activated when glucagon binds to its receptor and TAG released for Beta-oxidation |
| Glycerol or DHAP --> Phosphatidic Acid --> Diacylglycerol or CDP-DAG | glycerolphosphlipids pathway... |
| Glycerol or DHAP --> PA --> DAG --> TAG | triacylglycerol pathway.... |
| shingolipids & triacylglycerols | these are synthesized only in eukaryotes |
| E. coli | this organism has no cholesterol, sphigolipids, PI, or PC. has PE, PG, and cardiolipin |
| DAG | precursor for TAG, PE, and PC? |
| CDP-DAG | precursor for PI, PG, cardiolipin? |
| DHAP | precursor for plasmalogens? |
| Plasmalogens | these are abundant in cardiac tissue and the CNS. |
| triacylglycerol lipase | glucagon activates these which hydrolyze TAG, releasing FA for beta-oxidation. So both inactivation of ACC and activation of this are counteracted by insulin. |
| glycolisation from nucelotide derivatives | how are sugars added in glycosphingolipid synthesis? |
| NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) inhibit cooxegenase (COX) 1 or 2 | what type of druges target prostaglandin synthesis? what is the target enzyme? |
| COX 1 | this produces regular physiological prostaglandins. |
| COX 2 | this produces prostaglandins for inflammation in the response to cytokines, mitogens, endotoxins in inflammatory cells. |
| COX 1 and 2 | these are the 1st committed step in prostaglandin synthesis. |
| it spans the ER, with active site facing the cytosol. | Where is HMG-CoA reductase located in the cell? |
| mevalonate | what is the precursor of squalene? |
| a mitochondrial enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone | What is the function of desmolase? |
| pregnenolone | Key intermediate for steroid hormones? |
| mevalonate | what is the precursor to isoprenoid compounds? |
| isopentenyl pyrophosphate, dimethylallyly pyrophosphate, farnesyl pyrophosphate | what are some isoprenoid compounds? |
| desmolase | which enzyme removes most of the cholesterol side chain? |
| bile salts | what is the product of cholesterol degradation? |
| made by liver, stored in gallbladder until needed. then secreted into small intestine to digest lipids | which organs secrete bile acids? |
| cholic acid | precursor of bile acids? |
| bile acids | these emulsify lipids in the small intestine by acting as detergents |
| glycocholic acid & taurocholic acid | two common bile acids are? |
| lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, chylomicrons) | how are triglycerides, PL, and cholesterol distributed in the body? |
| chylomicrons | these carry triacylglycerols from intestine (where lipids are emulsified by bile salts) to the lymphatic system. |
| biosynthetic cholesterol (determined by genetics) & cholesterol obtained in diet | what are two sources of cholesterol in mammals? |
| formation of lanosterol by enzyme squalene cyclase | what is committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis? |
| acetyl-coa and acetoacetyl-coa | what compounds are used to form mevalonate? |
| carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA | committed step in FA biosynthesis? |
| Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase | this catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA |
| ATP, biotin, NADPH | what are coenzymes for acetyl-coa carboxylase? |
| citrate lyase | this breaks citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA after it is in cytosol. |
| cytosol | where is mevalonate synthesized? |
| statin drugs | these inhibit cholesterol synthesis by competitively binding to the active site of HMG-reductase |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.