Genetics and Heredity Review Biology EOC
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nucleus | Where do DNA strands that contain the directions on how to make and keep an organism alive located? |
| genes | traits of in organism |
| cells die | What happens when DNA is damaged or removed |
| Di-ploid cells | Is when we have 2 of each type of chromosome |
| ... | 2 of the same type of chromosome |
| 46 | total number of chromosomes |
| 23 chromosomes | number of chromosomes sperm and egg cells have |
| _____chromosomes | chromosomes that do not determine gender |
| ________chromosomes | chromosomes that do determine gender |
| XX | girls |
| XY | boys |
| ... | ordered picture of an organism's chromosomes |
| Down Syndrome | 3 # _____chromosomes |
| cell cycle | phases of life in a cell |
| Mitosis | cell division into 2 daughter cells |
| R1 phase | cells grow |
| S Phase | DNA synthesis chromosomes are copied |
| G2 Phase | Cells grow |
| Sister Chromotoids | original chromosome and its exact copy are attached to each other |
| Prophase | Mitosis: nuclear membrane falls apart and spindle fibers start to form |
| Metaphase | Sister chromatids line up along the middle of the spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | spindle fibers break down and new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes |
| cytokensis | cytoplasm actually divides forming 2 new cells |
| meiosis | cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells |
| fertilization | process of an egg and a sperm cell combining to produce a zygote |
| zygote | baby egg that is only cell big |
| meiosis | one cell becomes four cells |
| mitosis | one cell becomes two cells |
| chromosome | chain of different genes |
| double helix | What shape is DNA? |
| Before meiosis: | 2 chromosomes of the same type come together to make a chromosome pair |
| Meiosis I | chromosome pairs separate into 2 new cells |
| When does crossing over occur in meiosis I? | prophase I |
| Prophase I: | homologous chromosomes swap genetic material during tetrad and synapsis |
| Meiosis II | each chromosome seprates from its copy into 4 new cells Prophase II, Metaphase II, AnaphanseII, Teolphase II |
| In meiosis, one cell becomes: | 4 cells |
| In mitosis, one cell becomes: | 2 cells |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| chromosome is a | chain of different genes |
| DNA never leaves the | nucleus |
| DNA has __-types of bases | 4 Adenine, thyminn, guanine, cytogine |
| DNA is binary which means | the bases on one strand match up to the bases on the other strand |
| semi conservative replication | conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand |
| How many strands does RNA have? | single stranded |
| RNA moves out into the | cytoplasm |
| Mendelian | Austrian Monk credited with the beginning of genetics |
| Genetics | the study of heredity |
| dominant gene | stronger of the 2 genes |
| recessive gene | weaker of 2 genes (lower case letter) |
| Homozygous | purebred: when 2 genes are alike for a trait |
| Heterozygous | 2 genes are different for a trait |
| Mendel's Law of segregation | 2 genes we have for each trait get separated from one another when make egg and sperm cells |
| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment | the gene for one trait is inherited independently of the genes for other traits |
| Punnett Squares | charts that are used to show the possible gene conbinations |
| genotype | genes of an organization |
| Phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| Multiple alleles | 3 or more allelese |
| codominate | occurs wen 2 dominant genes are expressed and both genes are seen in the organism |
| incomplete dominance | 2 dominant genes are expressed and blended together in the organism |
| polygenic trait | trait that is controlled by more than one pair o genes like skin color |
| sex linked trait | trait that is found on the X chromosome such as colorblindness |
| females are XX so how many copies of sex linked traits do they have? | 2 |
| males are xy so how many copies of sex linked traits do they have? | 1 |
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