Chapter 14 AP EURO
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Created by:
LazyPenguin on May 8, 2012
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) |
| Johannes Kepler | discovered that the paths of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather that circular |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars |
| Issac Newton | British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia" |
| Principia Mathematica | In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion. |
| Frances Bacon | Stressed the use of experimentation and observation in seeking knowledge |
| Novum Organum | Bacon coined this term, meaning "The New Organon" or system of investigation |
| Rene Descartes | This French mathematical genius said that one should apply logic and try to answer problems with mathematical equations |
| Discourse on Method | Written by Descartes in 1637. "I think therefore I am." Separation of mind and matter (Cartesian Dualism). |
| Thomas Hobbes | believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society |
| Leviathan | Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. |
| John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants. |
| 2nd Treatise on Government | Written by Locke in 1690 that stated government must be both responsible for and responsive to the concerns of the governed. |
| Essay Concerning Human Understanding | Locke, 1690, human mind has no innate ideas, what people know is not the world but the result of the interactions of the mind with the world |
| Blaise Pascal | French philospher/scientist/mathematician who invented the calculator and worked with probability, conic sections. Famous in math texbooks for his "triangle" of numbers. |
| Clock Metaphor | God was the clockmaker and everything was automatic |
| English Empiricism | Bacon's belief in experimentation; figuring out facts by using the senses |
| Inductive Method | a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them |
| deductive reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case |
| Scientific Method | a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses |
| "nasty brutish & short" | Thomas Hobbes's three word description for the state of nature |
| state of nature | a condition in which no governments or laws existed at all |
| "life, liberty, and property" | According to John Locke: The 3 Natural Rights of People |
| "Cogito ergo sum" | "I think; therefore, I am." - Rene Descartes |
| Scientific Revolution | the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned |
| materialism | (philosophy) the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality |
| rationalism | system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge |
| secularism | The belief in material things instead of religious things. This was a shift away from Medieval thinking. |
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