| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Activity | a form of play that involves participation for the purpose of pleasure |
| Games | An aspect of play that involves social comparison |
| Sport | A specialized form of game involving gross motor movement, prowes, and psychomotor skills. |
| Prowes | extraordinary ability |
| Exercise | repetitive, planned physical activity with the goal of maintaining and/or improving physical fitnesss. |
| Physical activity | bodily movement that requires energy expediture above the normal pshysiological demands of the day. |
| Physical fitness | set of health and skill-related attributes to perform physical activity |
| Sport and Exercise Psychology | the scientific study of mental processes and behavior as they relate to movement, as well as the practical applications of that knowledge. |
| Sport Sociology | A subdiscipline of sociology that studies the network of social and cultural structures, patterns, and organizations/groups found in sport and their relationship to the institutional nature of sport. |
| Who is Coleman Roberts Griffith | The father of American sport psychology (U of I) |
| Who is William Wundt | The father of experimental and physiological psychology |
| Who is Thomas K. Cureton | leading exercise physiologist of his time, master's thesis was mentored by Griffith (U of I) |
| Applied Kinesiological Psychology | consultation with athletes and coaches performance enhancement |
| Academic Kinesiological Psychology | teaching at university/college level |
| Research in Kinesiology Psychology | scientific study |
| What are the issues with sport psychologist | no standardnization of licensing |
| Quantitative methods | things that can be measured (numbers) |
| Qualitive methods | things that can be observed, but not measured (discriptions) |
| Who is Norman Triplett | Conducted the first research on sport psychology |
| What were Triplett's studies | Timed cyclist during paced, unpaced, and compitition, Timed childres using fishing reels |
| What were the results of Triplett's expieriments | they were the first to show that we can use sports to study social interactions. |
| Normative research | value-laden research that is done to prove a point, assumes about the way things should be and searches for evidence that this is not the case |
| Non-normative research | a scientific description and explination of what-is, rather than what ought to be (objective) |
| Functionalist theory | attributes to societies the characteristics of cohesion, consensus, cooperation, etc. |
| Conflict theory | focused on the social process leading to disharmony, disruption, instability, etc. |
| Parents who value an activity are:_____ | more likely to seek it out for their children |
| Parents help children:_______ | interpert their ability |
| Firstborns only have _______ as role models | parents |
| Later-born children have___________ to emulate | older siblings |
| ______ are less likely to engage in dangerous sports | firstborns |
| Three determinants of active participation | significant others, personal attributes, and socialization situations |
| Harter's Modle of Percieved Competence:__ | examines interaction upon self-esteem. |
| Social situations that influence the sports we play:____ | Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, gender, geographic location, and schools |
| Skills | learned and highly specialized acts or refinements of basic motor activities that is developed through repeated trials or practice. |
| Abilities | Provide a basis for eventual skill acquisition and are influenced by heredity/genetics |
| Sport Behavior | a sequence of motor acts that veries with regard to an athlete's skillfulness and which may be incorperated into performance |
| How do you learn to play sports? | through socialization |
| Bandura's (1977) social-cognitice learning theory | Examins the roles of modeling, imitation, and verious learning relation to socialization. |
| What is modeling? | Modeling provides information regarding how to perform a skill. |
| 4 compnents of modeling | attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation |
| Types of modeling | observational learning, live vs. silent, step by step vs. all at once |
| Who is Ivan Petrocich Pavlov | classical conditioning with dogs study |
| Who is Hohn Broadus Watson | Little "Albert" expieriments |
| conditioning is a _______ | relexive response. It does not apply to complex behaviors |
| Who is Burrhus Frederic | operant conditioning study |
| Punishment | used to decrease the occurance of an unwanted response |
| 2 types of punishment | aversive/unpleasent, and pleasant |
| Habituation | an adjustment to repeated stimuli that provokes behavior. |
| Why do children participate in sports | fun, socialize, opprotunity to improve/learn skills, and for the excitment of competition |
| Why do childred drop out of sports | not fun, not getting to play, scolded for making mistakes by parents/coaches, overemphasis on competition/winning, too much pressure, coach was a poor teacher, and low interest |
| positives of youth sport | comparison if skills with others, skill improvement, personal accomplishment, an preperation for life |
| Objectives of youth sport | To provide young persons with the opprotunity to learn culturally relevent sport skillsm and to promote attitudes and values about compittion, sportsmanship, discipline, authority, and social interaction |
| Generally socialization via sport will be stronger when:___ | Participation is voluntary not forced |
| 2 social contexts in which sport activities take place | adult-organized, peer-group |
| Adult-organized sports | Action involvement are under adult control, and there are specific rules and roles |
| Peer group sports | playercontrolled involvement, and informal rules and regulations |
| Impetus on adult-prganized sports | children have no choice but to play in the way adults want them to play |
| Impetus on peer-group sports | they play for the sake of playing |
| Problem with youth sport | parents and coaches live vicarously through childresn, injury, skilled athletes lose out on educatioal chances, and sport may reinforce values, attitudes, and behaviors inconsistant with social norms |
| When are children ready to play competitive sports? | between the ages of 7 and 11 |
| How do sports in the US differ from sports in other countries | sports are affiliated with school |
| What role does sports play on social status (male) | popularity is strongly tied to athletics in secondary schools |
| What role does sports play on social status (female) | popularity is judged more by the "incrowd" than their scholarship or athletics. |
| Interscholastic sport participation problems | Adjustment to life after sport., cheating, excessive pressure to win, elitism, sport specialization, and sport requires money |
| Where does the money come from for intercoligent sports | gate receipts, student athletic fees, university budget, booster clubs, tv contracts, individual contributors, and league reimbursements for tv and bowl.tournament appearences by other league members |
| Most athletic programs are ___________ a profit | not making |
| Where does most of the mone for intercollegian sports go | football and men's basketball |
| The collegiante student-athlete | amatures, fee education, less prepared for college, special teatment, and athletes are more likely to recieve grades fraudulently |
| obsitcals for collegiate student-athletes | physical exhaustion & mental fatigue & mental fatigue, media attention, demanding coaches, time pressure, and isolation from the rest of the student body |
| Termination froom sport | elite athletes have problems terminating from sport regardless of the reason |
| What are the primary causes for sport termination | age, selection, injury, and free choice |
| Kubler-Ross model | human greiving model |
| Rosenberg model | thanology. retirement from sport is akin to social death |
| Disengagement theory | society and the person withdraw for the good of both, enabling younger people to enter the work force and for the retired individual to enjoy their remaining years |
| Criticisms of models of career terminaiton | all theories consider retirement as a singular, abrupt event |
| trama that can come along with sport career termination | psychological difficulties, financial difficulties, drug abbuse, attempted suicide, and criminal activity |
| Factors that contribute to crisis during career termination | self identity, perceptions of control, social identitiy, and social support |
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