1.
Binding of Type I PRR to PAMP causes?: Complement System Activation
2.
Binding of Type II PRR to PAMP causes?: Phagocytosis
3.
Binding of Type III PRR to PAMP causes?: Cytokine Production
4.
Deep layers of the skin contain keratinocytes that secrete ______ and _____?: IL-8 and TNF-alpha
5.
Explain the process of a neutrophil reaching to the site of infection.: Macrophage releases cytokines > neutrophils recruited > Inc. Expression of P- Selectins & Integrins > Margination > Pavementing >Diapedesis > Chemotaxis
6.
Function of the Ciliated Epithelium in the Respiratory tract is?: Cough-Sneeze Reflex
7.
How does Fas & Fas Ligand work?: Fas is a receptor on a virus infected cell when bound to a Fas Ligand will cause cell death. Fas Ligand comes from an activated T cell.
8.
How does Mannan Binding Lectin get made?: When macrophage bind to bacteria, they release IL-6 which goes to the liver to induce production of Mannan Binding Lectin & C- reactive protein.
9.
How does the KIR/KAR system work?: Normally:
KAR binds to PAMP like moleculre
KIR binds to MHC I
Abnormal:
KAR binds to PAMP like molecule
KIR does not bind to anything b/c abnormal cells lack MHC I.
This causes NK to release Perforin & granzyme.
10.
Name the APCs.: B.M.D.
B-cell
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
11.
Name the monocyte differentiation in:
1) Skin:
2) Liver
3) Bones:
4) CNS:
5) Kidney:: 1) Skin: Langerhans
2) Liver: Kupffer
3) Bones: Osteoclasts
4) CNS: Microglia
5) Kidney: Mesangial
12.
Name the proteins of Innate Immunity.: 1) Interferons
2) Complement
3) Acutephase Proteins
4) Defensins
13.
Phagocytosis PRRs possess high affinity for?: carbs with a high # of mannose residues
14.
Resting Macrophages can be induced by TNF- Alpha to synthesize?: IL1 & PGE2
15.
Surfactants are secreted by?: Type II pneumocyte
16.
The innate immune system is programmed to respond rapidly to a few highly conserved regions on pathogens known as?: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
17.
What antibody receptor do NK cells posses?: FcγRIII (CD16)
18.
What are signaling PRRs that regulate gene expression?: TLR
19.
What are the acute phase proteins?: C-reactive proteins
Manna Binding Protein
20.
What are the Cells of Innate Immunity?: Phagocytes
Epithelial Cells
NK Cells
21.
What are the char. of Innate Immunity?: 1) First line of Defense
2) Always on
3) Rapid
4) Not Specific
5) No memory
6) Triggers the adaptive Immunity
22.
What are the GI tracts defense factors?: - Acidity
- Intestinal Flora
- Epithelium
- Paneth Cells
23.
What are the main areas protected by the innate immune system?: 1) Skin
2) Respiratory
3) GI
4) Genitourinary
24.
What are the PAMPs of microbes recognized by?: PRR
25.
What are Type III PRR called?: Toll Like Receptors
26.
What cells are present in the skin and present processed antigen to T cells of SALT?: Langerhan Cells (Macrophage)
27.
What cytokines activate NK cells?: IL-12,INF-α,INF-β,TNF-α
28.
What defenses are used by the genitourinary system?: 1) Urine Flush
2) Urine Acidity
3) Vaginal Secretions (Lysozymes)
29.
What do NK cells use to kill cells?: Perforin
Granzyme
INF-gamma
30.
What does a high NBT score indicate? low?: High: phagocyte is a potent killer
Low: possibly an enzyme deficiency
31.
What does Manna Binding Lectin do?: It binds to Carbs. on bacteria to initiate complement system.
32.
What happens when TLR bind to Pathogens?: Activate signal transduction & Express cytokine genes
33.
What is ADCC?: Antibody dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
- NK cell binds to Fc-Gamma of an antibody IgG that is attached to the virus infected cell via the CD 16 receptor. This activates NK. Fas Ligands gets expressed and target is destroyed by perforin and granzyme.
34.
What is margination?: When WBC move to the sides and RBC move to the center
35.
What is pavementing?: When WBC adhere to the endothelium
36.
What is responsible for the effective killing of microbes by phagocytes?: H2O2
nitric oxide
oxy radicals
37.
What is secreted by macrophages at the site of infection?: IL-1, IL-8, TNF-α, and PGE2
38.
What is the function of Cytoplasmic TLR?: They bind to intracellular virus and stop their replication but they can't stop the virus from coming in
39.
What is the function of IFN- Alpha, Beta, Gamma?: Inhibit Viral Replication
Activate NK cells
40.
What is the function of surfactant?: It lubricates the alveoli and also phagocytose pathogens
41.
What is the function of the secretions of macrophages at the site of infection?: recruitment of neutrophils
42.
What is the transcription factor for Cytokines?: NF-kB
43.
What is used to control the intestinal flora?: Alpha-Defensins
Lysozyme
Phospholipase A
These are all secreted by Paneth Cells
44.
What marker is specific to NK cells?: CD56
45.
What protects the lower respiratory tract?: Surfactant & Alveolar macrophages
46.
What receptor on NK cells initiate ADCC?: FcγRIII (CD16)
47.
What receptors do NK cells use to kill virus-infected or cancerous cells?: KIR/KAR
48.
What TLR binds to dsRNA?: TLR-3
49.
What TLR binds to flagella of motile bacteria?: TLR-5
50.
What TLR binds to LPS of gram - bacteria?: TLR-4
51.
What TLR binds to peptidoglycan of gram + bacteria?: TLR-2
52.
What type of cells are found in the innate immune system of the upper respiratory tract?: Goblet Cells & Ciliated Epithelium
53.
When a cell binds to a pathogen, what happens to its metabolism?: It shifts to pentose phosphate system
54.
Where are PRR I found?: Blood and Lymph
55.
Where are TLR found?: Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Epithelial Cells
56.
Where are Type II PRR found?: On all macrophages
57.
Which cells are phagocytic?: Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
58.
Which type of PRR are secreted?: Type I
59.
Why is G6PDH important in killing pathogens?: Pentose Phosphate Shunt
60.
Why is Myeloperoxidase important in killing pathogens?: To generate Hypohalide Ions
61.
Why is NADPH oxidase important in killing pathogens?: helps create ROS
