RTVF 44 Final Review
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Lens | 1st major element of the camera; "glass" |
| focal length | the distance from the optical center of the lens to the front surface of the imaging element (mm) |
| long lens | tight shot (large mm#'s) |
| short lens | wide shot (small mm#'s) |
| zoom ratio | ratio of the longest focal length to the sortest forcal length |
| telefoto lens | lens with very long focal lengths |
| longest focal length | multiply zoom ration x shortest focal length |
| range extender | increases the focal lengths of a lens, but does not change the zoom ratio |
| 2x range extender | doubles telefoto capability but retains zoom capability |
| depth of field | subject area shot by the camera that is in focus |
| focus forward | focusing on something closer to the camera |
| focus backward | focusing on something further from the camera |
| Studio Cameras | Ikegami HK-388W |
| Filters | 2nd major element of the camera; alters incoming light to create a special effect or to compensate for excessive color or brightness characteristics |
| imaging element | primary factor in determining the quality and cost of a camera |
| resolution | refers to how clear a picture is; how many "lines" a video picture contains |
| quantitative | refers to "scan" lines |
| qualitative | "lines" refers to picture lines |
| 4 ways to manipulate color temp | 1) change the light source 2) lighting gels 3) color temp filters 4) white balance |
| 2 basic reasons for tv lighting | 1) basic illuminations 2) artistic |
| baselight | min. amount of light needed for clear pics that are free of noise |
| microphone pickup patterns | the area around a mic where sounds are capable of being "picked up" by the mic |
| polar pattern | a 2-d drawing of a 3-d pickup pattern |
| omnidirectional | -equal from all sides -picks up sounds most accurately -most studio mics |
| color temperature | a standard for measuring the color of light |
| 3200 k | typical studio lamp |
| 5600 k | avg daylight color temp |
| shotgun | very directional but only picks up sound beyond a certain point |
| wireless systems | radio freq mics that transmit on a very low powered radio band wave |
| parabolic reflector | used in sports |
| IFB | Interuptable feedback systems; headset that goes in talents ears |
| pitch | the relative highness or lowness of a sound |
| frequency spectrum | audible frequencies can be divided into sections |
| signal to noise | the amount of good electric info to the bad; the higher the better |
| incident light | light directly from a source |
| volume | amplitude; measured in dB |
| CCD | charged coupled device- the first solid state imaging element, needs a minimum of 330,000 pixels |
| foot candle | the main measurement of the amount of light present |
| more directional | super cardioid; hyper cardioid |
| condensor mic | capacitor microphone; crisper cleaner sound; small but needs external power supply. *lavs |
| contrast ratio | how many gradations are between the darkest and lightest picture areas |
| frequency and frequency response | sound waves come from a sound source that vibrates air molecules, causing a chain reaction of molecules that carries the energy to your ears |
| frequency response | measures the ability of equipment to reproduce the original frequency of the signal its processing |
| dynamic mic | very rugged and weather resistant; self powered , but larger *mainly field |
| CMOS | complementary metal oxide semiconductors- the newest increasingly popular solid state imaging elements |
| unidirectional | mostly from the front; most susceptible to breath popping and "plosives" |
| octave | interval between two freq that has a 2:1 ratio |
| ATSC | Advanced Television Systems Committee |
| AVCHD | utilizes a highly compressed version of HD that utilizes long GOP processing |
| GOP Processing | Group of Pictures Processing, a form of temporal compression that is very difficult for computers to edit |
| compression types | 1) streaming 2)progressive download |
| streaming | for live web production, radio, television VOD; served from a host to user thru "push system" |
| progressive download | utilized by YouTube; served from a host to user thru "pull system" |
| bit-rate reduction | (digital compression) reduces file sizes by removing redundant data from video/audio signals |
| DNL | digital nonlinear-because of digital compression, DNL is allowed |
| CODEC | COmpression/DEcompression- amount of loss during compression depends on the compression CODEC |
| MPEG | Motion Picture Experts Group- forms of compression are the standard codecs used in tv and internet video |
| MPEG 2 | most commonly used for television |
| MPEG 4 | most commonly used for internet video |
| H.264 | major advancement in MPEG coding; designed by Apple, very high resolution (used in Flash) |
| converter | necessary for every digital device and sometimes two when a device includes both input and output |
| ITU-Rec 601 | International Telecommunications Union Recommendation 601 - analog SD facilities (like dempster) use this a/D standard |
| Goal for production facilities | 1) tapeless 2) all digital |
| microwaves | utilized for ENG and local transmission of signals; needs a clear line of sight between transmitter and reciever |
| satellite | used for SNG and non-local transmission of signals |
| fiberoptic | used in similiar fashion to satellites but a generally cheaper since they utilize existing, and emerging, global cabling |
| frame store synchronized | capable of accepting any video source from either inside or outside the facility |
| NTSC | National Television System Committee |
| DTV systems | 1) ATSC- America 2) DVB-T- Europe 3) ISDB-T- Japan 4) DMB-T- China |
| dynamic mics at Hofstra | - EV 50s (omni) - EV RE 10/15/16s (uni) |
| condensor mics at Hofstra | (lavs) - Samson pmbs (omni) - Audio Technica 803s (omni, field use) - Sony ECM 55s (omni, studio use) |
| human hearing | adults hear from 20 hz - 16,00 hz |
| oscillator | generates pure tone at 1kHz |
| tuning fork | 440 Hz (dial tone) |
| HMI light | 5600 k |
| fluorescent light | 3500 k - 6500 k |
| red light | less than 3200 k |
| white light | @ 3200 k |
| blue light | more than 3200 k |
| high key | fill light is half the key light |
| low key | fill light is 3/4 the key light |
| LCD's | liquid crystal displays- last twice as long as plasmas, weigh less and run silently. good for games |
| plasmas | cheaper, good for fast moving imagery, but consume more power |
| LED's | Light emitting diode- more expensive, more environmentally friendly, slimmer designs, better color |
| HDTV | 720x1080 or 1080x1920 |
| SDTV | 480x704 |
| interlaced scanning | scans odd, then even and "fills in the blanks", requires only half the info to be broadcast |
| progressive scanning | goes from top to bottom, provides higher resolution |
| digital processing | -higher first generation resolution -multi-generation recordings without any loss of quality |
| digital compression | removes info: - info that can be easily reconstructed (blue skies) - info considered non essential (talking heads) - info unnoticeable by our eyes/ears (subtle color differences) |
| SDI | Serial Digital Interface - those who have switched to all digital facilities utilized this |
| fresnal light | a spot light, used 90% of the time |
| manipulation | cutting the image in half by taking out the numbers |
| interpolation | making the image bigger by creating new numbers |
| Y | luminance |
| international broadcast standard | 4:2:2 |
| Y/C system | sometimes called "s", eliminates much of the encoding and decoding problems in composite video |
| white light components | 59% GREEN, 30% RED, 11% BLUE |
| encoding | process of combining the three colors |
| encoded signals | becomes a composite signal and comprises of two parts: chroma signal and luminance |
| luminance | brightness |
| keys | holes cut into a video picture that are filled with material from another source |
| sampling | the process of grabbing a piece of info and holding it (measuring) |
| quantizing | the process of changing the sample into a number (0's and 1's) |
| D/A Converter | takes the right amount of voltage from the wall outlet and replaces the numbers with that voltage |
| audio resolutions | 32 kHz, 48 kHz, 41.1 kHz |
| Send L | output we use to get line level audio sources from audio board into the studio |
| 2 scales of a VU meter | dB and % of modulation |
| Studio B switcher | Ross Vision 2M |
| Chyron Software | lyric pro 6 |
| routing system | Pesa |
| Camera Lens | Cannon 20x8 |
| video hard disc record/player | Grass Valley Profile |
| audio hard disc recorder/player | Digitcart (Ramsa WR-8616) |
| technological advances that allowed for camera res to increase greatly | -increased pixel counts -micro lens technology |
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