| Term | Definition |
|---|
| created by Johannes Guttenberg, helped the Reformation, allowed entire manuscripts to be printed more quickly | movable type |
| inventor of movable type | Johannes Gutenberg |
| a general intellectual trend in the sixteenth century that coupled love of classical learning with an emphasis on Christian piety | Christian humanism |
| school that preached self-discipline and often criticized the local clergy for their inadequate training and lax morals. martin luther was taught by them, taught people how to think | Brethren of the Common Life (BLC) |
| laid the egg that Luther hatched, Christian humanist, strove for a unified peaceful Christendom in which charity and good works, not empty ceremonies would mark true religion and in which learning and piety would dispel the darkness of ignorance | Erasmus |
| Handbook of the Militant Christian | Erasmus |
| The Praise of Folly | Erasmus |
| Utopia | Thomas More |
| lord chancellor of King Henry VIII, until he wouldn't go to Anne Boleyn's coronation... head chopped off | Thomas More |
| started the Reformation, hatched the egg that Erasmus laid... | Martin Luther |
| monetary substitutions for penances, sold by the church | indulgences |
| main seller of indulgences, inspired Martin Luther to write the 95 theses | Johann Tetzel |
| included attacks on the sale of indulgences and the purchase of indulgences... nailed to the door in Wittenberg in 1917 | 95 theses |
| Freedom of a Christian | Martin Luther |
| To the Nobility of the German Nation | Martin Luther |
| central features of the reform movement | "by faith alone", "by scripture alone", the priesthood of all believers" |
| 1521, Martin Luther appeared before Charles V to defend his faith | Diet of Worms |
| his men "kidnapped" Martin Luther, hid him in a castle in Wartburg, an elector/prince of the Holy Roman Empire | Frederick the Wise |
| Emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, most powerful ruler in sixteenth century Europe | Charles V |
| chief preacher of Zurich, under his leadership, Zurich served as the center for the Swiss and southern German reform movement | Huldrych Zwingli |
| Luther and Zwingli met to discuss their faiths, could not agree on what happened to the Eucharist during Mass | Colloquy of Marburg |
| French-bron Christian humanist and founder of Calvanism, led the reform movement in Geneva Switzerland | John Calvin |
| one of the major branches of the Protestant Reformation founded by John Calvin | Calvanism |
| in response to this, government arrested hundreds of French Protestants, executed some of them, and forced many to flee; church doors were posted with broadsheets denouncing the Catholic Mass | Affair of the Placards |
| The Institutes of the Christian Religion | John Calvin |
| John Calvin's doctrine that God preordained salvation or damnation for each person before creation | predestination |
| according to predestination, the people chosen for salvation | "the elect" |
| Spanish physician who was arrested because he had published books attacking Calvin and questioning the Doctrine of the Trinity, executed upon Calvin's advice | Michael Servetus |
| led by the king of England, Henry VIII when he wanted to get a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon | English Reformation |
| had six wifes, english, broke from the Catholic church | Henry VIII |
| "The Defender of the Faith" | Henry VIII |
| helped Henry VIII suppress protestantism and execute the leaders of it, | Cardinal Wolsey |
| Protestant chancellor of Henry VIII | Thomas Cromwell |
| Protestant archbishop of Canterbury | Thomas Cranmer |
| made Henry VIII the head of the Anglican Church | Act of Supremacy, 1529 |
| divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived | Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, Katherine Parr |
| Henry VIII 1st wife, daughter, Bloody Mary | Catherine of Aragon |
| Henry VIII 2nd wife, daughter, future Queen Elizabeth I | Anne Boleyn |
| Henry VIII 3rd wife, future King Edward | Jane Seymour |
| Henry VIII 4th wife, the country bumpkin old maid | Anne of Cleves |
| Henry VIII 5th wife, the castle slut | Katherine Howard |
| Henry VIII 6th wife, the good nurse | Katherine Parr |
| the Reformation turned into a political reformation by the peasants who wanted more freedom and less taxes, put down by the nobles | Peasant's War of 1525 |
| anabaptist, ex-priest, leader in the Peasant's War of 1525 in Thuringia | Thomas Muntzer |
| sixteenth century Protestants who believed that only adultscould truly have faith and accpet baptism | anabaptists |
| a group of anabaptists seized the town of Munster and made their community like the original Old Testament ones, stopped by a force of catholics and protestants together | Munster revolt |
| dutch anabaptist reformer, followers eventually named Mennonites | Menno Simmons |
| the only Bible authorized by the Catholic church, the latin bible, contained errors of translation from the Greek and Hebrew | Latin Vulgate |
| 1522, the first full vernacular translation of the Bible in German | Luther's German Bible |
| first guy to translate the Bible into English, burned at the stake as a heretic | William Tyndale |
| there was the "genuine poor" and the vagabonds, the views of Lutherans towards the poor, good works wouldn't get you into heaven, if you were poor you were most likely lazy | attitudes toward the poor |
| in Lutheran areas, governments stepped in to help out with the poor instead of the Churches, protestant magistrates appointed officials to head urban agencies tha twould certify the genuine poor and distribute welfare funds to them | responses to the poor |
| still patriarchical, legitimate only if registered by both a government official and a member of the clergy, also had parental consent | Protestant marriages |
| a general council of the Catholic Church that met between 1545 and 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices, and defend the church agains the Protestant challenge | Council of Trent |
| finally a moral pople (no illlegit kids) called the council of Trent | Pope Paul III |
| the way that the Catholics tried to get back some of the Protestants and to strengthen their hold on those already Catholic, included getting new orders and reforming the Church wiht the council of trent | Counter-Reformation |
| founder of the Jesuits, spanish nobleman | Ignatius Loyola |
| saught to teach, preach, hear confessions, and do missionary work, very soldierylike | Society of Jesus/Jesuits |
| was a 16th-century Spanish Dominican priest, writer and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. As a settler in the New World he witnessed, and was driven to oppose, the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists | Bartolome de Las Casas |
| went all over the place, Africa, Asia, The americas, teaching the native people about Catholocism | Catholic missionary activities |
| people of mixed European-Indian descent | mestizos |
| people of mixed European-African heritage | mulattoes |
| Jesuit that brought Catholocism to Japan | Francis Xavier |
| very rich, best example is the Valois court | "the royal court" |
| Ariosto | Orlando Furioso |
| long epic poem representing court culture as the highest synthesis of Christian and classical values | Orland Furioso |
| Castiglione | The Courtier |
| court culture as a synthesis of military virtues and literary and artistic cultivation | the Courtier |
| Machiavelli | The Prince |
| was it better for a prince to be feared by his people or loved? | The Prince |
| the greatest writer on politics of the age | Machiavelli |
| term for using cunning and duplicity to achieve one's ends | Machiavellian |
| wars between the Valois and the Hapsburgs lasting forever, in Itlay and such | Valois-Hapsburg Wars |
| Charles V crushed the French army and even had King Francis I as one of the captives | Battle of Pavia |
| Sack of Rome (year) | 1527 |
| Charles went and destroyed Rome and pillaged after the pope had allied with the French, imperial troops were German Protestant mercenaries | Sack of Rome |
| french gave up their claims in Italy, ending the conflic between the Valois and the Hapsburgs, peace for a little while | Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis |
| Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at the time of its greatest power, helped out Francis I against Charles, laid seige to Vienna | Sultan Suleiman I |
| turkish expedition that destroyed the Hungarian army in 1526 | Battle of Mohacs |
| Suleiman led an army of more thatn 100,000 men against vienna, several attacks on the city failed, and they withdrew | Siege of Vienna |
| Francis I wanted to beat Charles V so badly that he made the first nonchristian alliance | Francis I - Turkish alliance |
| the war was so costly that the monarchs had to get money from banks and private families, they now had larger armes and more advanced weapons such as gunpowder | financing war |
| largest banking enterprise in sixteenth century Europe, built an international financial empire that helped to make kings, they helpe Charles V get elected | Fugger family |
| members of the protestant reformed church of france | Huguenots |
| king after henry VIII died, son of him and Jane Seymour, died really young, sickly kid dude person | Edward VI |
| the "nine day queen" was protestant but Bloody Mary kinda killed her off xP | Jane Grey |
| daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, catholic Queen after Jane Grey, killed at least 300 protestant people | Mary Tudor |
| another name for Mary Tudor | "Bloody Mary" |
| daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, made reformations for the Anglican church, had nothing against Catholics as long as they didn't go around preaching their faith, queen after Mary died | Elizabeth I |
| prominent Scottish reformer, spent many years in exile in England and on the continent because of his devout Calvinims | John Knox |
| daughter of Mary de Guise, married Henry II and heir to the French throne | Mary, Queen of Scots |
| surrounded her and her daughter with French advisors, people not happy | Mary de Guise |
| group of Protestant princes and cities joined together against Charles V | Schmalkaldic League |
| Charles V defeated the Schmalkaldic league's armies and he restored Catholics' right to worship in protestand lands while permitting Luthernas to keep their own rights | Battle of Muhlberg |
| the restoration of Catholic rights in the Holy Roman Emprie, ended with the peace of Augsburg | the "Interim" |
| the treaty of 1555 that settled disputes between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his Protestant princes. It recognized the Lutheran church and established the principle that all Catholic or Lutheran princes enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects | Peace of Augsburg |
| goes up in a monastery to live out the rest of his days, gives Spain to his son, Philip II, and Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand | resignaiton of Charles V |
| The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | John Knox |
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