1.
1085: vital victory date for Christians as they took back Toledo
2.
Al-andalus: 711-1492; Moorish/Islamic Spain/Portugal
3.
Al-Mansur: Moorish warlord; led Moors throughout all of Iberia
4.
Alfonso VI: led Christian forced in conquest of Toledo
5.
Alfonso X: king of three religions; El Sabio
6.
Almohades: rivals of the Amoravids; Islams from Northwest Africa
7.
Almoravids: Islamic sect from Northwest Africa
8.
Altamira Cave: prehistoric cave paintings, known as Sistine Chapel of prehistoric art
9.
Carthage: colony of Phoenecia located in modern day Libya
10.
Celtiberians: backbone for Spanish/Portuguese people; took Romans 200 years to conquer
11.
Celts: came from Central Europe, establishing themselves in the Meseta
12.
Covadonga: where Pelayo deafeated Moorish troops
13.
Dama de Elche: Iberian sculpture
14.
First Punic War: 241 BC; Rome vs. Carthage for control of Sicily, Rome wins
15.
Fueros: land grants and settlements within the reconquered Christian territories
16.
Gadir: modern day Cadiz; founded by Phoenecians
17.
Guanche Culture: native people of Canary Islands
18.
Hannibal: leader of Carthage, obtained Phoenecian colonies in South of peninsula
19.
Iberians: North African people that migrated to the Iberian peninsula
20.
Italica: Rome's first city-colony in Hispania
21.
Knight Orders: order of Calatrava
22.
La Reconquista: the process of re-Christianization of al-Andalus
23.
Leovigild: Visigothic king; killed his own son for converting to Roman Catholicism
24.
Maimonides: Jewish philosopher and doctor from the Mediterranean
25.
Moors: invaders of Visigothic Hispania from North Africa
26.
Mozarabs: Moors/Arabs of Catholic Religion
27.
Mudejars: Muslims living in reconquered Christian territory
28.
Numantia: small town near Soria; burned down their own city
29.
Pedro de Luna: Pope Benedict XIII
30.
Pelayo: Leader of Asturan and Visigothic survivors which handed Moorish troops a defeat at Covadonga
31.
Phoenicians: gave us the alphabet; traders from Lebanon
32.
Ramon Llull: greatest mind from Mallorca; stoned to death by Muslims
33.
Reccared: Leovigild's son; took over Visigothic Hispania
34.
Roderick: last Visigothic king
35.
Rodrigo Diaz de Vitvar: El Cid; reconquered Aragon, Cataluña and Valencia
36.
Santiago el Matamoros: leader of Christian troops; St. James the Moore killer
37.
Scipio: Roman military hero, defeated Hannibal
38.
Scipio the Younger: Roman general in charge of battle against Numantia
39.
Second Punic War: 218-201 BC, led by Hannibal almost defeated the Romans
40.
Seneca the Younger: 1st great philosopher of Hispania
41.
St. Isidore: writer, philosopher and theologian from Gothic Hispania
42.
Taifa: small kingdoms based on divisions among Berber and Arab groups
43.
Tartessos: first capital of the Iberian culture
44.
Toriq: defeated Roderick
45.
Trajan: first Roman emperor to come from the provinces
46.
Treat of Alcacobaca: signed in 1479; created independent Portugal, Isabel became the rightful heiress to Castilla, papal blessing of her marriage and it unified Castilla and Aragon
47.
Viriathus: Lusitnian shepherd; leader of the Lusitanian resistance against Romans
48.
Visigoths: Germanic tribes which invaded Rome
49.
Yusuf: ruler of the Almoravids