AP European History - People
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185 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Medici | ruled Florence |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | united Spain, expelled Jews and Muslims |
| Charles V | ruled Habsburg Empire and Holy Roman Empire, 1519-1556; signs Edict of Worms |
| Francis I | ruled France with cooperation of nobles 1515-1547 |
| Henry VII | aka Henry Tudor, won the War of the Roses, began Tudor dynasty in England |
| Dante | ItRen; humanist poet |
| Petrarch | ItRen; father of humanism |
| Donatello | ItRen; sculpture David, first western nudity |
| da Vinci | ItRen; Mona Lisa, "Renaissance Man" |
| Michelangelo | ItRen; Sistine Chapel, biblical passage |
| Machiavelli | ItRen; wrote The Prince, leaders should inspire fear for political stability |
| Guternberg | NoRen; printing press |
| Erasmus | NoRen; promotes intellectual inquiry, piety, Latin |
| Durer | NoRen; paints, engraves realistically |
| More | NoRen; critiques society in Utopia |
| Columbus | sails for Spain to the Caribbean, eventually America |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese, goes around Africa to India |
| Cortes | conquers Aztecs in Mexico for Spain |
| Pizarro | conquers Incas in Peru for Spain |
| Magellan | Portugal, circumnavigates globe |
| de las Casas | protest against Spanish treatment of Native Americans |
| John Wycliffe | calls for Church reform before the Reformation; English |
| Jan Hus | calls for Church reform before the Reformation; Czech |
| Martin Luther | challenged Church doctrine in the Protestant Reformation; founds Lutheran Church |
| Ulrich Zwingli | lead Reformation of Switzerland based on literal Scripture reading |
| John Calvin | founded the Calvinist Church based on the concept of predestination |
| Henry VIII | king of England 1509-1547; founds Anglican Church |
| Elizabeth I | daughter of Henry VIII, enforces Protestantism through the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy, tolerates Catholicism; increases royal bureaucracy and efficiency; defeats the Spanish Armada |
| Ignatius of Loyola | founds Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to educate people in Catholicism |
| Pope Paul IV | orders Jews to live in ghettos, establishes Index |
| Catherine de Medici | ruled France, ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in which thousands of Huguenots were killed |
| Henry IV | Bourbon kig, declared Edict of Nantes 1698 |
| Aristotle and Ptolemy | placed Earth at the center of the universe, basis for medieval science |
| Copernicus | SciRev; heliocentric ideas |
| Brahe | SciRev; collects observations about planets and stars |
| Kepler | SciRev; developed laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo | SciRev; uses telescope, argues that universe follows laws of mathematics |
| Isaac Newton | SciRev; light can be described mathematically, laws of gravity |
| Leibnitz | SciRev; along with Newton, he developed calculus |
| Vesalius and Harvey | SciRev; explored the human body, including skeletal and circulatory systems |
| Pascal | SciRev; attempted to reconcile science with religion (recall Pascal's Wager) |
| Bacon | SciRev; used inductive reasoning (small pieces of info --> bigger idea) |
| Descartes | SciRev; deductive reasoning (general principles --> derive knowledge); "I think, therefore I am" |
| Margaret Cavendish | English noblewoman who made scientific contributions |
| Bach and Vivaldi | composed Baroque music |
| Rembrandt von Rijn | painting secular scenes (1600s) |
| Jean-Antoine Watteau | painted secular themes in the rococo period of time |
| de Cervantes | publish Don Quixote; sympathetic satire of chivalry |
| Shakeseare | dramatized human nature |
| John Milton | Paradise Lost explores sin of pride |
| Hobbes | Leviathan; humanity is naturally selfish and materialistic; absolutism is necessary to prevent conflict |
| Locke | Two Treatises of Government; humanity is naturally peaceful; moderate rule, rights, liberty, ad protection of property; the mind is a tabula rasa at birth |
| James I | aka James IV of Scotland; unites England and Scotland, believes in divine right of monarch |
| Charles I | taxes without the consent of Parliament, refuses to call Parliament, eventually beaten in a civil war by the New Model Army |
| John Pym | lead Parliament under the rule of Charles I |
| Oliver Cromwell | instates a Commonwealth after the death of Charles I, enforces Puritan ideals, subdues Ireland and Scotland |
| Charles II | given the English throne in the Restoration due to English desire to end Puritan republic |
| James II | Catholic absolutist monarch of England; inspires fear in a Protestant country |
| William and Mary of Orange | given the English throne in the Glorious Revolution; instated a Bill of Rights |
| Louis XIII | took the French throne at a young age; had Cardinal Richelieu run the country for him |
| Richelieu | ran the country for Louis XVIII; increased royal administration |
| Louis XIV | the sun king, lived at Versailles, put down the Fronde revolt, revoked the Edict of Nantes |
| Louis XV | ineffective less popular monarch of France; monarchy no longer considered sacred |
| Ivan IV | enlarged the rule of tsars in Russia, 1533-1584) |
| Michael Romanov | instated the Russian Romanov dynasty when elected tsar of Russia in 1613 |
| Peter the Great | expands Russia, struggles against nobles, instates Table of Ranks, builds St. Petersburg, tries to westernize Russia |
| Charles XII | lead Sweden in the Great Northern War against Russia |
| Philip II | monarch of Spain who beat the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto |
| King John III Sobieski | leader of Poland 1683, prevented Ottoman Empire from capturing Habsburg capital, Vienna |
| Diderot | Enl; French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; wrote the Encyclopedia |
| Immanuel Kant | Enl; influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804); Critique of Pure Reason promoted rational inquiry |
| John Toland | set forth deist outlook of God as divine watchmaker |
| David Hume | Enl; Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses; miracles cannot be proven (1711-1776) |
| Voltaire | Enl; French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment; criticized Catholicism, defended French Protestants (1694-1778) |
| Gotthold Lessing | Enl; a German playwright and critic who wrote Nathan the Wise;a plea for religious toleration |
| Montesquieu | Enl; French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| Rousseau | Enl; French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; promoted democracy and personal freedom under the law; men can be molded under education |
| Beccaria | Enl; believed in reform of the criminal justice system |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Enl; English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; A Vindication of the Rights of Women |
| Adam Smith | Enl; promotes free markets and specialization of labor |
| Catherine II | ruler of Russia 1762-1796; schools for nobles, printing presses, clarifies noble rights, maintains serfdom and censorship; suppressed Pugachev Rebellion |
| Maria-Theresa | 1740-1780 ruler of Austria; worked to end the mistreatment of peasants; enlightened absolutist |
| Joseph II | co-reigned with Maria-Theresa over Austria; abolished serfdom, promoted religious toleration, imposed more taxes on peasants; enlightened absolutist |
| Frederick II | aka Frederick the Great; ruler of Prussia 1740-1786; supported arts and education, reformed justice system, reforms strengthened and streamlined Prussian state; enlightened absolutist |
| Stanislaw | Polish king 1780s-1790s, promoted military, economic, educational, constitutional reforms |
| Louis XVI | king of France, opened meeting of Estates General, tried to flee France once the French Revolution began, eventually assassinated |
| Sieyes | said that the Third Estate was the true French nation and should have political power |
| Robespierre | led the Jacobins in the Reign of Terror |
| Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XVI, assassinated during the French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | took control of French government in 1799, declared himself emperor, established the Concordat and the Napoleonic Code, kept Europe in constant war, finally defeated at Waterloo |
| Metternich | in charge of the Congress of Vienna, restored pre-Napoleon national borders in Europe |
| Jacques-Louis David | neoclassic artist, displayed republican virtue |
| Mozart | neoclassic, precise, symmetrical music composer |
| Theodore Gericault | romantic, portrayed human tragedy in The Raft of Medusa |
| John Constable | romantic painter, painted rural scenes, The Haywain |
| Colerdige and Wordsworth | explore the development of the poet in Lyrical Ballads (Romantic) |
| von Goethe | part of the Sturm and Drang movement, wrote Sorrows of Young Werder (Romantic) |
| Lord Byron | Romantic, wrote revolutionary poetry |
| Stendhal | Romantics, depicts antihero's journey through love in The Red and the Black |
| Beethoven | bridged classicism and romanticism in his music, thought that music should evoke an emotional response |
| John Wesley | founded Methodism (religious faith would come from within oneself |
| Chateaubriand | encouraged post-revolutionary return to Catholicism in France |
| Edmund Burke | Conservative, cautioned against overthrowing national traditions (Reflections on the Revolution in France) |
| Joseph de Maistre | Conservative, believed social order stems from the Church; blamed Voltaire for the French Revolution |
| Johann Herder | Nationalist, encouraged the study of folk culture; each nation has its own spirit |
| Hegel | Nationalist, strong state must lead its people, ideas evolve through conflict |
| John Stuart Mill | Liberal, promoted freedom of conscience in On Liberty; argues fo women's rights |
| Jeremy Bentham | promoted utilitarianism |
| Thomas Malthus | believed that population growth would outstrip agricultural production |
| David Ricardo | believed in the iron law of wages; wages would always stay low |
| Saint-Simon, Owen, Fourier, Cabet | Utopian socialists |
| Karl Marx | founded revolutionary branch of socialism called Marxism (overthrow of capitalism is inevitable |
| Friedrich Engles | helped Marx to write the Communist Manifesto |
| Proudhon | anarchist, declared that all property is theft |
| Bakunin and Kropotkin | Russian activists who promoted anarchism |
| Queen Victoria | embodied British middle class values during her reign from 1837-1901 |
| Tsar Nicholas I | conservative tsar Russia in 1825, fought the Decembrist Revolution |
| Mazzini and Girabaldi | promoted romanticized republican nationalism in Italy |
| Camillo di Cavour | Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, created the Kingdom of Italy |
| Victor Emmanuel II | king of the newly-unified Italy |
| Johann Herder | inspiration for student clubs to agitate for German unification |
| Frederick William IV | Prussian king mid-1800s, rejected plan for liberal, constitutional unified Germany |
| Bismarck | Prussian prime minister worked to unify German states through iron and blood; conservative aims |
| William I | first emperor of the German Empire |
| Louis-Philippe | in charge of the constitutional monarchy of France in 1830 until the revolution in 1848 |
| Napoleon III | aka Louis Napoleon, overthrew the Second Republic, became emperor with liberal reforms until the Third Republic in 1870 |
| General Boulanger | threatened to overthrow the Third Republic |
| Alexander II | tsar of Russia 1861, abolished serfdom in Russia |
| Harriet Taylor | argued for women's rights in The Subjection of Women (1869) |
| Fawcett and Pankhurst | lead branches of the women's suffrage movement until 1918 when women received the right to vote in Britain |
| Louis Daguerre | created the first form of photography |
| Emile Zola | Realism; wrote novels like Nana and Germinal |
| Henrik Ibsen | Realism; psychological, realistic drama |
| George Bernard Shaw | Realism playwrite, caused riots with social critiques |
| Gustave Courbet | Realist, painted bored funeral-goers |
| Jean-Francois Millet | Realism, showed peasants at work in The Gleaners |
| Edouard Manet | impressionist painter, shocking nude portrayals |
| Claude Monet | impressionist, focused on light |
| Edvard Munch | expressionist painter, tried to evoke an emotional response |
| Pablo Picasso | cubism, used geometric forms |
| Igor Stravinsky | Russian musical composer, challenged rationality |
| William II | German King 1890, dismissed Bismarck |
| Auguste Comte | French philosopher associated with positivism, the belief that the world is improving with science |
| Charles Darwin | argued that organisms fittest for a given environment survive; eventually gives way to social Darwinism |
| Chamberlain | advocated racial purity 1899 in Foundations of the 19th Century |
| Dreyfus | French Jewish officer who was wrongly accused and jailed for treason |
| Theodor Herzl | Austro-Hungarian who launched the Zionist movement |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | German philosopher who praised irrationality and criticized scientists, late 1800s |
| Sigmund Freud | proed dreams through psychoanalysis |
| Pierre and Marie Curie | discovered radioactivity and x-rays |
| Max Planck | described the quantum theory, 1900s |
| Albert Einstein | special theory of relativity, 1905 |
| Franz Ferdinand | Austrian archduke whose assassination began World War I |
| Nicholas II | Russian tsar during 1905 Revolution, agreed to reforms and to work with the Duma |
| Aleksandr Kerensky | head of provisional government in Russia after February Revolution |
| Lenin | leader of the Bolsheviks who overthrew the provisional government in the October Revolution, eventually exiled |
| Leon Trotsky | Bolshevik who organized the Red victory in the Russian civil war |
| Joseph Stalin | 1927 Bolshevik leader, Five-Year Plans, collectivization, killing of opposition, etc. |
| Benito Mussolini | fascist in control of Italy, made peace with Vatican in the Lateran Accord, invaded Ethiopia |
| Adolf Hitler | fascist in Germany who led the Nazi party into power, instated the Nuremberg Laws, began World War II, in charge of the Holocaust |
| Francisco Franco | fascist who conquered Spain |
| Josip Tito | communist who ran the German retaliation in Yugoslavia |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | US President during WWII, Allied leader |
| Winston Churchill | UK Prime Minister during WWII, Allied leader |
| Charles de Gaulle | French general during WWII, Allied leader |
| Nikita Khrushchev | new Soviet leader in 1953, denounced Stalin's crimes |
| Alexander Dubcek | in charge of the suppressed Prague Spring reform movement in Czechoslovakia |
| Mohandas Gandhi | ran peaceful demonstrations which led to the independence of India and Pakistan |
| Marcel Proust | modernism, wrote In Search of Lost Time |
| James Joyce | modernism, wrote Ulysses |
| Virginia Woolf | modernism, wrote To the Lighthouse |
| Sartre and Camus | existentialists, explored the absurdity of existence |
| Simone de Beauvoir | feminist and existentialist, questioned the way gender affected peoples lives; mid-1900s |
| Pope John Paul II | the first Polish pope, elected in 1978 |
| King Juan Carlos I | took over Spain after Franco died in 1975; committed to democracy |
| Margaret Thatcher | conservative, first prime minister of Great Britain (elected in 1979), cut government spending |
| Jorg Heider | Nazi sympathizer who was elected prime minister of Austria in 1999 |
| Jean-Marie le Pen | Anti-Muslim National Front member who finished second in the French presidential election in 2002 |
| Lech Walesa | leader of Solidarity, the first non-Communist Polish trade union, in 1980 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader in the 1980s, pushed reform through glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) |
| Boris Yeltsin | became president of Russia after Gorbachev resigned in 1991 |
| Vaclav Havel | playwright who led the Czech Republic in 1993 after the split of Czechoslovakia |
| Slobodan Milosevic | Serbian leader in 2000, was overthrown and given to the International War Crimes Tribunal at the Hague |
| Raphael | Renaissance painter, School of Athens |
| Petain | fought in the Battle of Verdun, went on to become the leader of Vichy France during WWII |
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