3 Written Questions

1. Stops upregulation of Na+/K+ channels on apical and Na+/K+ ATPase on basolateral membrane in collecting duct.
   
   HF, Hepatic Cirrhosis, Conn's Syndrome (lack of aldosterone secretion), oedema, Nephprotic syndrome).
2. "Induced Diabetes" - higher glucose level than kidney can filter, excreted and raws water with it.
   
   Cerebral odema, glaucoma, drug excretion - helps precipitate out urine, haemolytic disease.
3. Thick ascending loop apical membrane - Na+/2 Cl-/ K+.
   
   Rapid + a lot diuresis - emergency; acute renal failure, pulmonary odema.
   
   Hypokalaemia, CVS collapse, gout, ototoxicity.

2 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Works on Na+/Cl- on the DCT apical membrane side; stops Na+ reuptake.
   
   Increase Ca2+ reuptake, H+ (so if more H+ than more HCO3 in base! Fleet's stuff!)
   
   Chronic hypertension (sustained), HF, Kidney stones, Osteoporosis + diuretic.
   1. Amiloride, Traimeterine (K+ Sparring)
   2. Thiazides: Bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothaizide
   3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: Acetazolmide
   4. Loop: Frusemide, Bemtadine (IV)
2. Na+ or Na+/H+ channels on apical membrane of PCT, DCT, Collecting Duct.
   
   (-) Mv inside so less K+ loss, more HCO3 in urine - metabolic acidosis. Uricosuric effect.
   
   With Thiazides! Hyperkalaemia risk - take out K+ supplements.
   1. Aldosterone Antagonist
   2. Amiloride, Traimeterine (K+ Sparring)
   3. Loop: Frusemide, Bemtadine (IV)
   4. Mannitol - Osmotic Diuretic (IV, Infusion)

2 True/False Questions

1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor: Acetazolmide → Stops supply of H+, decrease Na+/H+ exchange on apical membrane of PCT, DCT (little effect).
   
   Hypokalaemia - exchange to get Na+ back.
   Alkaline urine - HCO3 trapped in urine.
   
   Used in alkalinization of urine, glaucoma, mountain sickness (produce acidosis to offset), epilepsy (decreases pH)

   True        False

2. Xanthines: Caffeine, Aminophylline (Oral - asthma) → Weak, increased tolerance, works on Na+/H+ on PCT apical membrane.
   
   Inhibit PDE, afferent arteriole dilation (increase GFR, asthma).

   True        False