AP US History Exam
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 early political institutions of the American colonies | Majority rule in plymouth: make decisions by the will of the majority ~ Mayflower Compact~; representative government at jamestown: same rights as in England guaranteed by the Virginia Company ~ 12 years later, House of Burgesses first representative assembly in America; representative government in massachusetts: election of governor, assistants, and representative assembly |
| limited nature of colonial democracy | only male property owners; many colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers, answering only to the king |
| Spanish settlements | Florida, New Mexico, Texas, California |
| three types of colonies | corporate colonies: Jamestown, operated by joint-stock companies royal colonies: such as virginia, were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's government proprietary colonies: such as Maryland and Pennsylvania, under the authority of individuals given charters of ownership by the king |
| Maryland | Lord Baltimore - great wealth and haven for fellow Catholics Act of Toleration: the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians Protestant Revolt: Act of Toleration repealed; Catholics lost right to vote in elections for the Maryland assembly |
| Virginia | economic problems Political problems/Bacon's Rebellion: rebellion against Berkeley's government; series of raids and massacres against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier; defeated governor's forces and burned down Jamestown; sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers and colonial resistance to royal control |
| headright system | 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage |
| Rhode Island | Roger Williams; Anne Hutchinson: antinomianism - the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation |
| Connecticut | first written constitution: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
| Acts of Trade and Navigation | mercantilist policy: 1. trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews 2. all goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England 3. specified, or "enumerated" goods from the colonies could be exported to England only; tobacco was the original "enumerated" good,, but over a period of years, the list was expanded to include most colonial products |
| Navigation Acts impact | positive: new england shipbuilding prospered; chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England; English military forces protected the colonies from potential attacks by the French and Spanish negative: colonial manufacturing was severely limited; Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops; colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England |
| increased demand for slaves | reduced migration: increased wages in England; dependable work force; cheap labor |
| general characteristics of the 13 colonies | dominance of english culture, self-government, religious toleration, no hereditary aristocracy, social mobility |
| Intolerable Acts | The Coercive Acts: the port act, Massachusetts Government Act, Adminstration of Justice Act, expanded Quartering Act, Quebec Act~~direct attack on American colonies because it took away lands that they claimed; afraid they would take away their representative government; Protestant also hated the reconition to Catholicism |
| Actions of the First Continental Congress | Suffolk Resolves called for immediate repeal; military preparations and economic boycotts against Britain; Declaration of Rights and Grievances - plea to the king to restore colonial rights; Association: enforce economic boycotts with the Suffolk Resolves; if colonial rights were not recognized, another meeting was to be held May 1775 |
| Articles of Confederation | a central government consisting of one body, a congress; powers not given to congress: regulate commerce or collect taxes; neither did it have any executive power to enforce laws; |
| accomplishments | winning the war, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
| problems | intended to be weak; debts were unpaid b/c pf no taxing power; little respect for a new nation that could not pay its debts or take effective and united action; Shay's Rebellion |
| Federalists v. Anti-Federalists | george washington, benjamin franklin, james madison, alexander hamilton v. george mason, patrick henry, james winthrop, john hancock, george clinton |
| Federalists v. Anti-Federalists arguments | stronger central government v. that would limit democracy and restrict state's rights |
| Federalists v. Anti-Federalists strategy | emphasize weakness of articles of confederation, show opponents as merely negative without any solution v. argue that Constitution provides no protection of individual rights, and gives the central government more power than the British ever had |
| Federalists v. Anti-Federalists advantages | strong leaders, well-organized; appealed to popular distrust of government based on colonial experience |
| Federalists v. Anti-Federalists disadvantages | constitution was new, lacked a bill of rights v. poorly organized |
| Federalist v. Democrat-Republican view of constitution | loose interpretation; strong central government v. strict interpretation and weak central government |
| Federalist v. Democrat-Republican foreign policy | pro-British v. pro-french |
| Federalist v. Democrat-Republican military policy | large peacetime army and navy v. small |
| Federalist v. Democrat-Republican domestic policy | aid business, national bank, tariffs v. favor agriculture, no national bank, opposed tariffs |
| Federalist v. Democrat-Republican chief supporters | northern businessmen, large landowners v. skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners |
| Washington's Farewell Address | not to get involved in European affairs, against the United States making "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs, not to form political parties, to avoid sectionalism |
| Alien and Sedition Acts (Federalists) | 1. Naturalization Act: from 5 to 14 to qualify for citizenship b/c most immigrants voted Democrat-Republican 2. deport any aliens considered dangerous or detain any enemy aliens at the time of war 3. Sedition Act: illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either president or Congress |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolves | welp. people didn't like that. no one votes Federalist in the next election; the acts violate rights guaranteed by the 1st Amendment of the Constitution; Supreme court had not yet set up judicial review; nullify laws in state legislatures: if the law broke the constitution, a state had the right to nullify it |
| causes of the war of 1812 | continued violation of US neutral rights at sea and troubles with the British on the western frontier |
| Treaty of Ghent | a halt to fighting, the return of all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States |
| WHAT WAS THE BIG DEAL WITH WAR OF 1812????? | 1. respect 2. accept Canada as a neighbor 3. Federalist party came to an end 4. talk of nullification and secession would set a precedent, later used in the South 5. Native Americans surrendered land 6. America took a step towards industrial self- sustainability 7. American nationalism, growing desire to move West 8. war heroes Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would be at the forefront of political development |
| Monroe's 2 terms: Era of Good feelings | nationalism, optimism, and goodwill however heated debates over tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales existed and sectionalist tensions over slavery became apparent |
| Henry Clay's American system | protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements |
| Marshall's Supreme Court decisions | principle of judicial review (Marbury v. Madison); a state cannot pass legislation invalidating a contract (Fletcher v. Peck); supreme court has rule over state courts in cases involving state rights; a contract cannot be altered by a state (Dartmouth College v. Woodward); the government has the implied power to create a bank however the state did not have the right to place a tax on a federal institution (McCulloch v. Maryland); supreme court could review a state court's decision involving any of the powers of the federal government |
| reasons for westward movement | acquisition of Native Americans' lands, economic pressures, improved transportation, immigrants |
| Tallmadge amendment | prohibiting the further introduction of slaves into Missouri, requiring the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25 -- the amendment was defeated in Senate as southerners saw it as a first step in the northern effort to abolish slavery in all states |
| clay's compromise | missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state, Maine as a free state, the rest of the LA territory north of 36, 30 slavery is prohibited |
| Politics of the Common Man (Jackson) | universal male suffrage, party nominating conventions, popular election of the president, spoils system an rotation of officeholders |
| Democrats v. Whigs | favored local rule, limited government, free trade, equal economic opportunity; opposed monopolies, a national bank, high tariffs, high land prices SUPPORT: southerners, westerners, small farmers, urban workers v. favored clay's American system; opposed immortality, vice and crime, which some blamed on immigrants SUUPRT: new englanders, Protestants, middle-class urban professional |
| cause of civil war | slavery: a growing moral issue in the North versus its defense and expansion in the south; constitutional disputes; economic differences; political blunders and extremism |
| Compromise of 1850 | Henry Clay once again saves our asses. admit california as a free state, popular sovereignty to the Mexican Cession territory; ban slave trade in the District of Columbia but permit whites to hold slaves as before; adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it rigorously |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | southern democrats ate this decision up: dred scott had no right to sue in a federal court because the Framers of the constitution did not intend people of African descent to be US citizens; congress did not have the power to deprive a person of property without due process of law; and declared the missouri Compromise unconstitutional and the west therefore open to slavery |
| Free port Doctrine | Douglas reconciles popular soveriegnty with the Dred Scott decision |
| union strategy in the civil war | use the us navy to blockade southern ports (the Anaconda Plan) and thereby cut off supplies from reaching the South; divide the confederacy in two by taking control of the Mississippi River, raise and train an army 500,000 strong to take Ricmond |
| Lincoln's concerns | keeping support of the border states, constitutional protection of slavery, prejudices of northerners, fear the premature action could be overturned in the next election |
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | full presidential pardons to most southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the Us constitution and accepted the emancipation of slaves; a state government could be reestablished and legitimate by the us president as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath |
| Black Codes | prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, placed freedmen into a form of semibondage by forcing them to sign work contracts, prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in courts |
| Johnson's vetoes | a bill increasing the services and protection offered by the Freedmen's Bureau; a civil rights bill that nullified the Black Codes and guaranteed citizenship and equal rights to black |
| Rise of Industrial Amurica causes | lots of natural resources, abundant labor supply, growing population and transportation, surplus wealth, increased productivity with new technologies, corporate friendly policies, talented entrepreneurs |
| Impact of Industrialization | concentration of wealth, expanding middle class, working owmen, labor discontent |
| tactics for defeating unions | lockout, blacklist, yellow-dog contracts, calling in private guards and state militia to put down strikes, obtaining court injunctions against strikes |
| growth of immigration causes | poverty of displaced farmworkers, overcrowding and joblessness, religious persecution |
| promotion of suburban growth | abundant land available at a low cost, inexpensive transportation by rail, low-cost construction methods, ethnic and racial prejudice, and American fondness for grass, privacy, and detached individual houses |
| causes of the Spanish-American War | jingoism, cuban revolt, yellow press, de lome letter, sinking of the Maine, McKinley's war message, Teller Amendment |
| McKinley's war message | 1. Put an end to barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba 2. protect the lives and property of US citizens living in Cuba 3. end "the very serious injury to commerce, trade, and business of our people" 4. end "the constant menace to our peace" arising from the disorders in Cuba |
| Cuba and the Platt Amendment | cuba agrees to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, never build up an excessive amount of debt, permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one at Guantanamo Bay .. in effect Cuba becomes a protectorate |
| Moral diplomacy and Woodrow Wilson | righting past wrongs The Philippines: Jones Act of 1916 granted full territorial status to that country, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens, and promised independence as soon as a stable government was established Puerto Rico: US citizenship Panama Canal: made US ships pay the standard tax |
| causes progressive era | growth of industry and cities |
| political effects of progressive era | party primaries, split in Republican party, decline of machine politics, votes for women |
| social effects of progressive era | laws protecting workers, settlement houses and social work, birth control for women, beginning of civil rights movement for African Americans |
| economic effects of progressive era | conservation of land and water, regulation of business, lower tariffs, reformed banking system, federal income tax |
| World War I effects on American society | more jobs for women, migration of Mexicans and African Americans |
| Wilson's 14 Points | recognition of freedom of the seas, and end to the practice of making secret treaties, reduction of national armaments, an "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims", self-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian empire, and the League of Nations |
| peace terms | germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies, forced to admit guilt for the war, accept french occupation of rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of reparation money to britain and france, territories once controlled by germany, austria-hungary, and russia were now given self-determination, signers of the treaty would join the league of nations |
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