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deindividuation Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their identities Zimbardo's Standford prison study? Male college students were hired to participate in a study where they took on the roles of guards or prisoners. The students became so engaged in the study that it became their reality. Even Zimbardo, the man conducting the experiment, was lead astray and acted more as a warden instead of a researcher. bystander effect Someone is less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present and able to help, than when you are alone pluralistic ignorance Does anyone else think this is an emergency? Reference those around us to determine how to react to an emergency example of pluralistic ignorance An aircraft experiences turbulence, passengers look to the expressions and emotions of the flight attendants to determine if they should be worried or not Kitty Genovese 37 people watched her get stabbed and killed over a span of 30 min without attempting to intervene or rescue her mental illness statistical rarity (not everyone has it), impairment (problems with functioning), and subjective distress (uncomfortable/unhappy by impairments) demonic model View of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body medical model Perception that mental illness was due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment biopsychosocial model Mental illness is a result of biological, psychological, and/or social disorders deinstitutionalization (pros and cons) The closing of mental hospitals Benefits of deinstitutionalization Some people returned to normal lives and continued out patient programs Costs of deinstitutionalization Many ended up homeless; couldn't function in society, not developed self-efficacy, increased prison population competency to stand trial Assessment of defendant's mental capacity to stand trial in a court of law: Do they understand the charges against them? (What and Why) Can they assist in their own defense? (effective communication) insanity defense Defense proposing people should not be held responsible for an action if they were not of "sound mind" when committing them (not of) sound mind Not aware of what you were doing, when you were doing it or knew what you were doing, but didn't know it was wrong predictors of suicide Talking about suicide, an upturn in mood after a prolonged depressive episode, failed love interest, romantic breakup, or loss of loved one, severe/stressful event, family history of suicide, unusual reckless behavior, unexplained decline in school/work performance, social withdrawal,giving away prized possessions, increased alcohol or drug use "best" predictor of suicide A previous attempt Are mentally ill people violent (Steadman et al., 1998)? Studies suggest schizophrenia and substance misuse to be associated with a higher rate of violence and crime; substance misuse has been shown consistently to be a significant risk factor for violence and disturbed behavior. No; better Is criminal profiling an accurate science? Chemistry students and police recruits scored _______ than senior detectives. What are common types of anxiety disorders? general anxiety disorder (GAD), phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) What are the physiological effects of panic attacks? sweating, dizziness, increased heart rate Phobia intense fear of an object or situation that is out of proportion to its actual threat Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) marked emotional distres after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event; highly sensitive to stimuli, nightmares, flashbacks agoraphobia fear of open public spaces social phobia extreme feelings of shyness and self-consciousness build into a powerful fear. As a result, a person feels uncomfortable participating in everyday social situations obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) repeated and lengthy immersion and obsessions, compulsions, or both obsessions persistent unwanted thoughts/ideas compulsions repetitive behaviors/mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress depression a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity schizophrenia any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact bipolar disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania learned helplessness (and landmark study) tendency to feel helpless in the face of events that we can't control; study- tied puppies and shocked them repeatedly, when released puppies remained on shock side gender differences in suicide attempts Men complete, more women attempt; men use more lethal means dissociative disorders "the divided self" ; conditions involving disruptions in consciousness and memory psychotic disorders psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions catatonic schizophrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods disorganized schizophrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior paranoid schizophrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); key symptoms are delusions and auditory hallucinations positive symptoms of schizophrenia reflect something added (to their reality), beyond normal behavior; hallucinations (sensory experiences), delusions (beliefs or thoughts) negative symptoms of schizophrenia behavioral deficits, loss of normal functions (social withdrawal, decreased motivation, emotion expression, lack of speech-creation of words or unintelligible organization of words) diathesis stress model type of biopsychosocial model that relates the development of disorders to the combination of a diathesis, or predisposition, usually genetic in origin, and exposure to stressful events or life circumstances comorbidity The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual Cluster A The "odd" category; paranoid pd, schizoid pd, schizoidal pd Cluster B The "emotion regulation" group; histrionic pd, narcissistic pd, borderline personality pd, antisocial pd Cluster C The anxious/fearful group, avoidant pd, dependent pd, ocpd borderline PD (cluster B) Most common-mood instability, relationship instability, but difficulty being alone too-cycle of mood;from anger to depression and back again to anger and depression antisocial PD (cluster B) People who disregard society's rules/laws, lack of empathy/concern for others, etc (OCPD) Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (cluster C) Overly preoccupied with rules, efficiency, done right. "perfectionist" do things self only. psychotherapy (types of diseases treated) an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties (OCD, depression) cognitive-behavioral therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) What are the principles that serve as the foundation for interpersonal approaches of psychotherapy? treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions most common treatment of OCD cognitive-behavioral therapy eclectic psychotherapy treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem Human Factors the field that studies the role of humans in human-machine systems and how systems can be designed to work well with people, particularly with regard to safety and efficiency