AP Euro Exam Study Terms: Renaissance to Great Monarchs
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CarolineEsther56 on May 10, 2012
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AP European History, Coach Taylor, 2012
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history |
| Secularism | The view that the present well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil or public affairs. |
| Urban Society | A system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life. |
| City-States | Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers |
| Hansa League | Powerful league of traders in Germany. |
| House of Medici | The most prominent banking family of the 14th and 15th centuries; expanded wealth and became money exchangers; dominated the politics of Florence until circa 1500. |
| The Courtier | Castiglione, by Baldassare Castiglione. They taught how to become a "Renaissance man"; A young man, said Castiglione, should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. Upper-class women also should know the classics and be charming. |
| Castiglione | Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art. |
| Burghers | Rich merchants who lived in towns. |
| Patricians | Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society. |
| Despots | A ruler with absolute power. Not necessarily always cruel, but typically cruel. |
| Cosimo de Medici | Gained control of Florence and lead the Medici's uncrowned rule for years to come. |
| Lorenzo the Magnificient | He was a skilled politician who helped to hold Florence together during difficult times. He was also a patron of the arts. |
| Papal States | A region around Rome that was captured from the Lombards by Pepin the Short and given to the pope |
| Kingdom of Naples | Located in Italy, south of the Papal states, it was virtually all of southern Italy and sometimes Sicily, it was long disputed over by Aragonese and the French, it eventuall passed to Aragon in 1435. |
| Mantua | A minor city-state that was governed by the Gonzaga family (including Isabella d'Este) and was home to a famous humanist school founded by Feltre. Italian. |
| Gonzaga | The husband of Isabelle d' Este. Also the ruler of Mantua(city-state). |
| Ferrara | Duchy bordering Venice and Papal states facing the Adriatic sea. church council between constantinople and western christianity met here. |
| d'Este | wealthy and powerful family in Ferrara, Modena and northern Italy |
| Balance of Power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. |
| Urbino | a minor city state governed by Federigio da Montefeltre from 1444-1482 |
| Battista Sforza | Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro; one of the few women who lived a public life, she often ruled Milan in her husband's absence. |
| Isabella de'Este | She was the daughter of the duke of Ferrara. She married Francesco Gonzaga, marquis of Mantua. She was well known for her intellectual and political wisdom, also her famous letters to people around the world. She attracted artists and intellectuals to Mantua and was responsible for forming one of the finest Italy libraries. (text book) |
| Diplomacy | The art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations without arousing hostility. |
| Machiavelli-The Prince | A patriot of Italy, he wrote the most lasting work of the Italian Renaissance, a quintessential political treatise. In it, he wrote of how he dreamed that when citizens of his native Florence, or all of Italy, should behave like early Romans--show virility in their politics, fight in citizen armies for patriotic causes, and uphold their dignity before Europe. He admired the leaders of France, Spain and England because they knew how to exercise power and how to build strong states. (ends justify means, for rulers it is better to be feared than loved). |
| Cesare Borgia | A political leader, son of Pope Alexander VI, a member of the Spanish Borgia family, he had ambitions of uniting all of Italy under his control. His father tried to exploit his office for the benefit of his relatives. |
| Individualism-secularism | Two characteristics of the Italian Renaissance - most noticeable in the intellectual and artistic realms. |
| Petrarch | (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. |
| Leonardo Bruni | Wrote "New Cicero" which has the idea that humanists believe that their studies of humanism should be put to the service of the state. |
| Civic Humanism | Humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society. |
| Lorenzo Valla-Donation of Constantine | Valla (1407-1457) was brought up Rome. He knew Latin and Greek but really loved Latin. He became a papal secretary but his major work was The Elegances of the Latin Language. He tried to restore Latin to its proper position. Kind of worked or the pope. He questions things. The chusch had a document that was the dionation of constanting. It said that consting was donoting land, Made in the 4 century using a lang. not creating until the 8th century so he discovered that someone in the church was forging documents. |
| Vernacular | The everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language). |
| Neoplatonism | Views based on the ideas of Plato that one should search beyond appearances for true knowledge. |
| Hermeticism | Belief that human beings had been created as divine creative power, but had freely chosen to enter the material world, created by Ficino who was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici. |
| Pico della Mirandola | Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish. |
| "liberal studies" | Includes history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters,poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music; purpose was to produce individuals who followed path of wisdom and could convince others to also. |
| Humanities | Studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills). |
| Gutenberg's printing press | What: created the printing press When: 1445 - 1450 Where: Europe Significance: allowed printing to become easier and more books to be printed. The Bible was the first printed book with movable type, completed in 1456. |
| Council of Pisa | In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved. |
| Great Schism | A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. |
| Council of Constance | Council set on ending the Great Schism -- Forced all popes to resign, and elected a new one |
| Boniface VIII | Pope who was angered by Philip IV's demand that the clergy pay taxes to the national treasury.. he wrote a decree called the "Unam Sanctum" which declared his own supremacy over temporal rulers.. he was called to trial by Philip IV and held prisoner, dying soon after his quick release. |
| John Wycliff | Criticized the Church and the corruption in its clergy in the 1300s. Challenged papal infallibility and called for the power of the clergy to be supplanted with the Bible and individual interpretation of it by all Catholics. Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation. |
| John Hus | Leader that called for elimination of The Catholic Church. Unfortunately the Great Schism came to an end with the Council of Constance, and he was burned a the stake. Lead the Hussites. |
| Hussites | Followers of John Hus, critized the pope and the Catholic Church, invited to the Court of Constance where he was burned at the stake. |
| Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. |
| Ulrich Zwingli | This was a man who believed that Christian life rested on the Scriptures and a prominent leader in the Swiss Reformation. He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy. Died in a civil war. |
| John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) |
| Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval). |
| Anabaptists | A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. |
| Predestination | Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life--related to his theory of the elect: God knows exactly who will ascend into heaven with him in the last days. |
| Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. Horribly violent. |
| Inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. |
| Council of Trent | The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. |
| Protestant | A member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation. |
| Reformed | To be Reformed is to confess the common Christian faith with a special accent. In particular, it means to accent such things as the authority of scripture, the sovereignty of God, personal integrity in the life of holiness, and the need for a view of world integrity (sometimes called a "world-and-life view" or "Kingdom vision".) |
| Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death. |
| Faith vs. works | Luther and Hus' belief that you needed to have faith which would lead to good works, where the Catholic Church just believed that doing good works would get you to Heaven. |
| G. Savonarola | A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city. Burned at the stake. |
| Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. |
| 95 Theses | Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517. (Reformation Day, anyone?) |
| Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation |
| Cuius regio, eius religio | Latin for "whose the region, his the religion." Principal that Peace of Augsburg based on. (But really just applied to RC & Luth. No provisions for Calvinists or Anabaptists). |
| Peasant's Rebellion | Rebellion that is the largest up to this point which tried to end feudalism. |
| Transubstantiation | the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist. Opposed by Protestants. |
| Consubstantiation | The doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine. |
| John Knox | This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops. |
| Huguenots | French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America. |
| Mennonites | Founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons: became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism. |
| Ignatius Loyola | Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits. Violent. Radical. |
| The Index | The list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church (obviously Luther's and Calvin's works are included in the Index). The goal was to protect the faith and morals of Catholics by preventing people from being contaminated. It was created during the Counter-Reformation as a way of stopping the spread of Protestantism. |
| "protestant ethic" | Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group. |
| Thomas More | He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. |
| Utopia | A book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island. |
| Catherine of Aragon | When Henry VIII needed a son to continue the Tudor dynasty, and he found out his wife Catherine of Aragon could not give him one (only a daughter, Mary), he sought an annulment. Of course, the Catholic Church denied him one, and in return Henry VIII split England from the Catholic Church. |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her. |
| Act of Supremacy | Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. |
| Six Articles | 1539 Defined the doctrine of the English Church - followed Catholic teaching other than papal supremacy & rejected Protestant beliefs. |
| Absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Francis I (Valois) | (1494-1547, r. 1515-1547) House of Valois. Francis's early military victories (like the Battle of Marignano), his lavish court, and his support of luminaries like Leonardo da Vinci augured a splendid reign. His rivalry with Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire spelled his doom, however. He was captured in battle in 1525 and held for a humiliating ransom. Wars continued after his release, but bankruptcy and religious strife laid France low. |
| Henry II (Valois) | Husband of Catherine de Medici, has a sickly son that will soon die, Henry dies b/c of a jousting contest, son is heir and uses Duke of Guise as regent - they run France into war, Bourbons felt like they should have been regent, Catherine gets Bourbons and Guise against each other and a war breaks out, Huguenots and Bourbons work together. |
| Catherine de Medici | Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of their father's reign. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. |
| Guises | A powerful family in eastern France who lobbied to control the country following the unfortunate death of Charles V and his sickly son in 1560. The Guises had major influence through the Catholic hierarchy of cardinals and bishops. They supported the Catholics in order to keep their political power. |
| War of Three Henries | After the massacre in 1572, King Henry III stood up and took rightful control of France, he formed an alliance with Henry of Navarre to defeat the Henry of Guise. This basically is a list of assassinations of the Guise Family members. At the end Henry III finally causes some stability, but is suddenly murdered by a crazed monk who was unhappy about the reiligious status. |
| Louis XIV-The Sun King | He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France. |
| Bourbons | Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons. |
| Henry IV of Navarre | A politique whose rise to power ended the French Civil Wars; converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris, but privately remained a Calvinist and issued Edict of Nantes. |
| Louis XIII | French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy. |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants. |
| Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France. |
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