Chemistry 100
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Created by:
sarahjean13 on May 10, 2012
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Chemistry 100 first exam
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Chemistry | the science that investigates the molecular reasons for the processes occurring in our macroscopic world |
| scientific method | method by which scientists investigate the molecular world. (observation,hypothesis,experiment,theory and law. ) |
| basic research | the search for knowledge for its own sake |
| applied research | work oriented toward the solution of a particular problem in industry or the environment |
| Matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| Elements | substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances |
| Compounds | substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions |
| Homogeneous | mixture with the same composition throughout |
| Heterogeneous | mixture separated into two or more regions with different compositions |
| States of Matter | Solids, Liquids, Gases |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
| Law of Constant COmposition | All samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements |
| Data | individual result of a single measurement or observation |
| units | the basic quantity of mass, volume, or whatever being measured |
| English System | a collection of measures accumulated throughout english history. no systematic correlation between measurements. |
| Metric System | composed of a set of units that are related to each other decimally |
| Error | the difference between the true value and our estimation, or measurement, of the value |
| Random error | data from multiple measurements of the same quantity are scattered around an average value |
| systematic error | causes data to be either smaller or larger than the accepted value |
| accuracy | the degree of agreement between the true value and the measured value |
| uncertainty | the degree of doubt in a single measurement |
| precision | a measure of agreement of replicate measurements |
| Significant Figures | -all nonzero digits are significant -the number of significant digits is independent of the position of the decimal point -zeros located between nonzero digits are significant |
| Mass | the quantity of matter in an object |
| weight | mass x acceleration due to gravity |
| length | the distance between two points |
| volume | the space occupied by an object |
| Time | metric unit is the second |
| temperature | the degree of "hotness" |
| kelvin scale | temperature scale. k=C+273 |
| Kinetic Energy | the energy of motion |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| potential energy | the energy of position (stored energy) |
| concentration | the number of particles of a substance, or the mass of those particles, that are contained in a specified volume |
| Density | the ratio of mass to volume d=m/v, dv=m, v=d/m |
| specific gravity | the ratio of the density of the object in question to the density of pure water at 4C |
| properties | characteristics of matter |
| physical change | produces a recognizable difference in the appearance of a substance without causing any change in its composition or identity |
| physical property | a property that is observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance |
| chemical property | result in a change in composition and can be observed only through a chemical reaction |
| chemical reaction | a process of rearranging, replacing, or adding atoms to produce new substances |
| intensive properties | a property of matter that is independent of the quantity of the substance (density) |
| extensive properties | depends on the quantity (mass, volume) |
| Atom | the basic structural unit of an element |
| Radioactive decay | certain kinds of atoms can "split" into smaller particles and release large amounts of energy |
| nucleus | small, dense, positively charged region in the center of the atom. contains protons and neutrons |
| electrons | negatively charged particles |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the atom |
| mass number | the sum of the number of protons + neutrons |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element having different masses |
| atomic mass | the weighed average of the masses of the isotopes that make up chlorine |
| ions | electrically charged particles that result from a gain or loss of one or more electrons by the parent atom |
| cation | positively charged. result from the loss of electrons |
| anion | negatively charged. result from the gain of electrons |
| Daltons Atomic Theory | the first experimentally based theory of atomic structure of the atom |
| False Dalton's theory | -an atom cannot be created, divided, destroyed, or converted to any other type of atom. (true because they can be split) -atoms of a particular element have identical properties (isotopes and ions, they can have different mass) |
| orbit | what Bohr called the fixed energy levels |
| ground state | the lowest possible energy state |
| atomic orbitals | regions in space with a high probability of finding an electron |
| electron density | electrons move rapidly within the orbital giving a high electron density |
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