Unit 1: Thinking Geography
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Created by:
Brianna_Jordan_ on May 10, 2012
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Basic Concepts and Geographic Tools
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Spatial | pertaining to space on or near Earth's surface. |
| Absolute Location | the exact position of an object or place (e.g. longitude and latitude) |
| Relative Location | the position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities |
| Site | the physical characteristics of a place |
| Situation | the relative location of a place/activity |
| Toponym | place name; name given to a portion of the Earth's surface |
| Scale | the size of an area from local to global |
| Physical Attributes | natural landscape |
| Cultural Attributes | cultural landscape |
| Built Landscape | the part of physical landscape that represents material culture |
| Sequent Occupance | successive habitation of same area over time |
| Environmental Determinism | physical environment caused by humans |
| Possibilism | theory that the environment may set limits but humans have the ability to adjust to their environment |
| Spatial Interaction | the movemnet and flow involving human activity |
| Accessibilty | opportunity for contact/interaction from a given point or location |
| Connectivity | directness of routes linking pairs of places; all tangible and intangible means of connection and commnication betwee places |
| Network | areal pattern of sets of places and routes connecting them along which movement can take place |
| Distance Decay | the eventual disappearance of an important phenomenon with inccreasing distance from its origin |
| Frisction of Distance | measure of the restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction ; greater the distance, greater the friction |
| Diffusion | process of the spreading of a feature/trend from one place to another over time |
| Time Space Compression | influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea , observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases |
| Hearth | region from hich innovative ideas originate/begin |
| Relocation | the spread of a feature/trend through the bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion | the spread of a feature/trend among people from one area to another in a "snowballing" process |
| Hierarchical | the spread of a feature/trend from one key person or node of auhority or power to other persons or placesq |
| Contagious | rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature/trend through out a population |
| Stimulus | the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected |
| Distribution | the arrangment of something accross Earth's surface |
| Density Arithmetic | the total number of people divided by the total land area |
| Physiological | the number of people per unit of area of arbale land |
| Dispersed/Scattered | rural settlement patteren in which farms are isolated instead of clustered villages |
| Clustered/Agglomerated | rural settlement in which farms, buildings of each family are situated close to each other and field surround the settlement |
| Pattern | Linear, centralized, random |
| Region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features (functional, formal, vernacular) |
| Formal Region | an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics |
| Functional Region | nodal; ab area organized from one centralized point/node/focal point |
| Vernacular | perceptual; an area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity |
| Map | a 2 dimensional, fla reppresentation of Earth's surface or a portion of it |
| Map Scale | distance on a map relative to the distance on Earth |
| Distortion | area, distance, direction,shape |
| Projection | the type of system used to ransfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map; 3 projections |
| Grid | N. and S. Poles, latitude, parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, international date line |
| Latitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance east north and south of the equator |
| Longitude | the numbering system used to indicated the location of the meridian drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west the prime meridian |
| Equator | an imaginary east to west linethat encircles the globe halfway through the north and south poles |
| Meridian | line of longitude |
| Prime Meridian | an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observstory Greenwich ,England serving by agreement as the 0 degree line of longitude |
| International Date Line | an arc that follows from 180 degrees longitude ; when crossed towards the east, the clock moves back 24 hours; cross towards the west and the clock moves forward one whole day |
| Map Types | thematic, statistical , cartogram, dot, choropleh, isoling, graduate cirle |
| Thematic | demonstrates a particulare feature or a single variable |
| Dot | a themaic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable |
| Choropleth | a thematic map in which ranked classes of some varivbal are depicted with shading patterns or colors redefined zones |
| Isoline | a thematic map with lines that conect points of equal value |
| Cartogram | a map that has been simplified to present a single idea in a diagrammatic way: the base on not normally the true to scale |
| Proportional Symbol | a thematic map in which the size of a symbol varies in proportion to the frequencey or intensity of the mapped variable |
| Mental Map | map like image of the world, country, region, city, or a neighborhood a person carries in their mind |
| Time Zone | a geographic region within which the same standard time is used |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | a computer hardware and software system that handles geographically referenced data; it uses and produces maps an has the ability to perform many types of spatial analysis |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satelites, tracking stations, and recievers |
| Remote Sensing | the aquisition of data about Earth's surface from a saelite orbiting the plane or othe long-distance mehods |
| Model | a simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify casual relationships |
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