| Term | Definition |
|---|
| fermentation | _______ is the partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen |
| cellular respiration | in ________ _________, oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
| redox reaction | a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another |
| oxidation; reduction | in a redox reaction, the loss of electrons from one substance is called ________, and the addition of electrons added to an atom is __________ |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism |
| electron transport chain | respiration uses an _______ ________ ______ to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction |
| glycolysis | ________, which occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate |
| citric acid cycle | the ________ _______ _____ , which takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the production of ATP using energy derived form the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by a mechanism called __________-_____ ________ |
| acetyl CoA | upon entering the mitochondrion via active transport, pyruvate is first converted to a compound called acetyl coenzyme A, or _______ ___ |
| ATP synthase | ___ _______, the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, populates the inner membrane of the mitochondrion |
| chemiosmosis | the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work is called _____________ |
| rotor | a _____ within the membrane (of ATP synthase) spins when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient |
| stator | a _________ anchored in the membrane (of ATP synthase) holds the knob stationary |
| rod | a ___ (or "stalk") extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob |
| knob | three catalytic sites in the stationary _______ join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP |
| proton-motive force | the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis |
| alcohol fermentation | in ________ __________, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps |
| lactic acid fermentation | during _______ _______ _________, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 |
| beta oxidation | a metabolic sequence called ______ _________ breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
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