| Term | Definition |
| Ice Age | a period of time when the Earth was colder |
| continent | one of 7 large land areas on Earth |
| plateau | large mostly flat area that rises above the surrounding land |
| gorge | valley with steep rocky sides |
| estuary | river that flows both ways |
| human feature | something built by humans |
| glacier | large sheet of ice |
| landform | natural features of the Earth's surface |
| tributary | stream or river that flows into a landform |
| valley | area of low land between hills or mountains |
| region | large area that have things in common |
| physical feature | feature of land such as mountains or rivers |
| Big Apple | nickname for New York City |
| Empire State | nickname for New York State |
| Albany | capital of New York State |
| Hudson River | major river in New York State.It starts in the Adirondack mountains and ends in the Atlantic Ocean |
| geography | the study of the Earth and the ways people use it |
| Niagara Falls | a natural wonder in NY that was the site of NY's first state park |
| hemisphere | half of the Earth. NY is located in the Northern and Western Hemisphere |
| northeast region | NY is located here |