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Francisco Pizarro Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3506/3992887512_869e1ef93d.jpg Seven Years War Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies (i.e. French and Indian War in America) between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizure of vital regions in Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America (from France) Treaty of Paris Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean Calcutta HQ of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4009/4368200637_ef628fd7c2.jpg Niccolo Machiavelli Italian Renaissance writer who emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power ("the end justifies the mean"); author of The Prince http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4078/4863503543_1bfc65d70e.jpg Francis I King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts, imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman Empire Jean Calvin French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; estalished center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America Thirty Years War War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their Allies (Denmark, Sweden, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain Treaty of Westphalia Issued in 1648, ends the Thirty Years War; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion (Protestant or Catholic) English Civil War Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king Copernicus Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1215/922289298_60bdda41bd.jpg William Harvey English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood Rene Descartes Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workigns of nature "I think, therefore I am" Deism Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolition; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun http://farm1.staticflickr.com/24/97720438_7771e05d91.jpg Glorious Revolution English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king Adam Smith Established liveral economics (Wealth of Nations 116); argues that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market foreces Ivan III Also known as IVAN THE GREAT; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from mongols after 1462; took titile of tsar or Caesar- equivalent of emperor Ivan IV Also known is IVAN THE TERRIBLE; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars, continued policy of Russian expansion; estavlished contacts with wester European commerce and culture Cossacks Peasant recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in the south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements Time of Troubles Followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in the 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 Alexis Romanov Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox Church Pugachev Rebellion During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossak Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be the legitimate tsar, eventuallu crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter Encomiendas Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies Encomendero The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor Bartoleme de Las Casas Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Leader of Spanish expedition into northern fontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold Pedro de Valdiva Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 Potosi Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6149/6020927276_8d1b6b3224.jpg Huancavelica Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi Haciendas Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy Consulado Merchant guild of Seville (in Spain); enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return Treaty of Tordesillas Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possesion in New World; reserved lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3178/3002631115_e49e949e65.jpg Letrados University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions Recopilacion Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies Council of Indies The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites Audiencias Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz Mexican poet; denied access into University of Mexico because she was a woman; entered convent and became nun; became famous and great poet; denounced by her bishop for writing secular liturature Captiancies Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony Paulistas Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century Minas Gerais Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1344/5103927192_862a49bf0a.jpg Amigos del pais Clubs and asociations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform "Friends of the country: War of the Spanish Succession Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commerical rights to English and French Charles III Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal administrative, and militart reforms in Spain and its empire Jose de Galvez Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendents for local governments, Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminated Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies Marquis of Pombal Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy Comunero Revolt One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels Tupac Amaru Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution Factories Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce El Mina Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa Nzinga Mvemba King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom Luanda Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola Royal African Company A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa Indies piece Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave Osei Tutu Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asanti Empire; utilized Western firearms Dahomey Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples (Benin) in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4090/5093060034_dae52b7fde.jpg Luo Nilotic people who migrated from upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro (western Uganda) Fulani Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto (northwest Nigeria) Great Trek Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal Mfecane Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa Swazi New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane Lesotho Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7143/6709949479_444dd47dff.jpg Middle Passage A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies Saltwater slaves Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black Obeah African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands Candomble African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people Vodun Commonly known as Voodoo. African religious ideas and practices among descendants of slaves in Haiti. http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4130/5005880904_7a94244f60.jpg Palmares Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan William Wilberforce British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807