AP Biology: Immune
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Created by:
distancerunner on May 12, 2012
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nonspecific First Line of Defense | Skin and mucous membranes; not specialized for a particular invader; includes the skin, antimicrobal proteins, cilia, gastric juice, and symbiotic bacteria |
| Nonspecific Second Line of Defense | Phagocytes that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis; complement proteins that attract phagocytes to the site and promote cell lysis; interferon that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins to defend them against viruses; inflammatory response |
| Immune Response | Third line of defense; targets specific antigens that are foreign |
| MHC | mechanism by which the immune system is able to differentiate between self and nonself cells; collection of glycoproteins on the membranes of all cells |
| B Cells | Lymphocytes that originate and mature in the bone marrow; respond to antigens with antibodies; reproduce after encountering an antibody |
| Antibodies | Proteins that are specific to a particular antigen; five classes; variation of the basic Y-shaped protein; inactivate antigens by binding to them |
| Plasma Cells | B cells that release their specific antibodies which ten circulate through the body; binding to antigens |
| Memory Cells | B cells that do not release their antibodies in response to antigen invasion; circulate in the body and respond quickly to eliminate any subsequent invasion by the same antigen |
| T Cells | Lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus; have antigen receptors as recognition sites for molecules displayed by nonself cells |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | Recognize and destroy nonself cells by puncturing them and causing them to burst |
| Helper T Cells | Stimulate the proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
| Cell-Mediated Response | Uses T cells and responds to any nonself cell, including invaded cells; T cells produce cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells; helper Ts bind to macrophages and produce interleukins to stimulate a proliferation of T cells and B cells |
| Humoral Response | Involves most cells and responds to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood; B cells produce plasma and memory cells; macrophage and helper T cells stimulate B cell production |
| Supplements to Immune System | Antibiotics, vaccines, passive immunity |
| Hormone | Chemical messenger that is produced in one part of the body that affects target cells in another part of the body; transported in the blood; can be steroids, peptides, or amino acids |
| Hypothalamus | Monitors the external environment and internal conditions of the body; causes neurosecretory cells to release hormones into the blood |
| Posterior Pituitary | Stores ADH and oxytocin produced by neurosecretory cells |
| Anterior Pituitary | Place where releasing hormones stimulate the release of tropic hormones here, which stimulate other endocrine glands |
| Islets of Langerhans | Contain alpha cells and beta cells that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon; in the pancreas |
| Insulin | Produced by beta cells; stimulates the liver and other body cells to absorb glucose; converted into glycogen or fat |
| Glucagon | Produced by alpha cells; stimulates the liver to release glucose |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Increases calcium in the blood by stimulating its reabsorption in the kidney and release from the bones; calcitonin opposes this |
| Steroid Hormone | Diffuses through the plasma membrane, through the cytoplasm, and into the nucleus; binds to a receptor protein in the nucleus and activates a portion of the DNA that turns on specific genes |
| Peptide Hormone | Binds to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane; receptor protein stimulates the production of one of cyclic AMP (triggers an enzyme to produce cellular changes) or inositol triphosphate (triggers release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum to activate enzymes to generate cellular changes) |
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