Middle East Gumbert Key Terms
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Created by:
purplegelpen50 on May 13, 2012
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fertile Crescent | Place where most ancient civilizations were located; rich with agriculture because of the two rivers flowing through it (Tigress and Euphrates) |
| Cuneiform | The earliest form of writing of ancient human civilizations in the Fertile Crescent |
| Hammurabi's Code | The first set of legal codes written 1700s BC; there were 282 of them |
| Torah | The book that Judaism is based off of; it is based on Hammurabi's Code; it has the ten commandments and how to be moral in addition to how to be legal; 636 rules; received 1500 BC and canonized 200 BC to 100 CE |
| Talmud | The book of interpretations of the Torah; 200 CE to 700 CE; it gets rid of the archaic and controversial parts of the Torah |
| Covenant | A contract that lasts forever; what God told Abraham - if he and his people always worship God, God will give Abraham a "family" aka his own people |
| Diaspora | 70 CE; the Romans drove the Jews out of Jerusalem; when the Jewish culture split up |
| Muhammad | Born 570 CE; the prophet; 600s begins receiving messages from God and has them written down to form the Koran; he gets rid of polytheism and has people only worship Allah; recaptures Mecca in 630 and dies two years later |
| Mecca | The location of the Kaaba; where people go on their hajj; center of religious and cultural life and hub of ancient caravan trade |
| Kaaba | Huge stone cube inside the holy mosque in Mecca; the center of religious life |
| Koran | The holy book of the words of Allah that Muhammad received in Muslim religion |
| Hijra | September 662; Muhammad flees to Medina and fixes their city so in return they promise to worship Allah; he recaptures Mecca using their army of 10,000 men |
| 5 pillars | Shahada (declaration of faith), salat (daily prayer), zakat (charity; alms giving); fasting during Ramadan; Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) |
| Caliph | Successor; the rulers of the ancient Arab/Muslim world |
| Abu Bakar | The first caliph; Muhammad's best friend |
| Shia | Minority of Muslims; follow the Ayatollah after the 12th Imam "disappears" in 878; believe the blood-line is more important than merit; |
| Ayatollah | The type of ruler that became the most important to Shia Muslims after the 12th imam "disappeared" in 878; currently the most powerful figure in Iran today |
| Sunni | Majority of Muslims; believe merit is more important; follow the Hadith (book of Muhammad's traditions) along with the Koran |
| Hadith | The book of Muhammad's traditions; followed by Sunni Muslims |
| Sunna | The combination of the Hadith and Koran; what Sunni Muslims follow |
| Dome of the Rock | The mosque in Jerusalem where Muhammad is said to have bounced off the rock during his midnight flight |
| Sharia | Set of laws in the Islamic world during the Golden Age of the Caliphates; made a court system/judicial part of Islam |
| Ottoman Empire | 1299-1923; empire that takes over after Caliphate; based out of Turkey and ruled by central Asians who fled from Mongolians; starts out strong but by 16th century, becoming weaker until dismantled after WWI |
| Wahhabism | Fundamentalists who feel that they have angered God which is why they are falling behind in the world/come upon hard times; founded Saudi Arabia in 1700s; support terrorist groups and demand strict adherence to Koran and Hadith |
| Pan-Arabism | Wanting to get rid of foreign influence/control in the Arab region and wanting to create a just Arab state; more about nationalism than religion |
| Suez Canal | Owned by Egypt built in 1869; controlled by Britain and France until 1956; extremely important for trade because it allowed products in the Middle East to get down to Africa/Asia etc. |
| Mandates | When a country controls another territory not for its own gain, but to guide it and train it governmentally until eventually it is able to rule on its own; NOT a colony |
| Zionism | Has two prongs: religious and political but is mostly political; they want to promote a Jewish state in the Middle East; started in the 19th century; Theodore Herzl comes up with the idea and founds World Zionist Council |
| McMahon Letters | 1915; series of letters between GB and the Sherif of Mecca; if they help GB fight the Ottomans in WWI, GB will recognize a pan-arab state declared by the Sherif (but it can't include Jerusalem) |
| Sykes-Picot Agreement | 1916; agreement between England and France that they will split the Ottoman Empire when the war is over |
| Balfour Declaration | 1917; letter from GB to Lord Rothchild (head of World Zionist Organization) saying they will give them a Jewish state but it's not necessarily all of Palestine in exchange for money and the formula for acetone (to make bombs more explosive) |
| UN partition plan | After GB can't deal with all the issues of Palestine, they give it to another organization to deal with; in August of 1947, they vote to divide it into two pieces where Jews get more land even though they have less people but both sides are still unhappy (Jews still don't control Jerusalem and Arabs want more land) |
| 1948 war | War over independence that leaves 700,000 Palestinian refugees; Israel gets 70% of former mandate; Jordan has West Bank and Egypt has Gaza Strip; Jerusalem is still divided |
| Suez Crisis | 1956; Nasser takes over Egypt and he nationalizes the canal; Israelis are distraction while getting Sinai peninsula but French and British cannot defeat Egyptians; UN makes B and F give up and Israel give the land back |
| Nasser | Ruler of Egypt in the late part of the 20th century; he nationalized the Suez Canal and was responsible for both the 6 Day War and the Yom Kippur War |
| 6 day war | 1967; the war the Israelis launched against Nasser as a preemptive attack to his threats; they end up winning back Gaza and the West Bank with 1M Palestinians under their control but are not citizens; Golan Heights and Sinai as buffer zones |
| Yom Kippur War | 1973; the war has been going on and on but the Egyptians use the holiday of _____ to surprise attack the Jews; get close to getting into the heart of Israel (they get Sinai peninsula) but Israelis are able to fight back and regain all the land; UN restores things to the way they were but Israelis are scared because they almost lost their country and Egyptians are frustrated because they can't figure out how to defeat the Jews |
| West Bank and Gaza | Important zones that have changed ownership many times; today they have disputed ownership; Israel and Egypt and Jordan and the Palestinian people all have claims to them |
| Camp David Peace Accords (first time) | 1979; Carter brings Israel and Egypt together to talk things through; Israel gives back Sinai in exchange for having Egypt recognize Israel as a country; leads to Egypt getting kicked out of Arab League; |
| Yasser Arafat | Guy who took over the PLO in 1969; main negotiator and leader through the peace talks and Intifadas |
| PLO | Founded in 1960 by Nasser; main representation of the Palestinian people; at first had an image of terrorism but it changed to a more helpless and bullied image during Intifadas |
| First Intifada | 1987-1991; starts when Israeli tank accidentally kills 2 Muslims girls; 700 P dead 25 I dead; makes Israelis look heartless and violent while gaining sympathy for Palestinians |
| Oslo Peace Accords | 1993; PLO and Israel agree to recognize each other and Israel starts giving them land because of fear of Hamas; angers extremists on both sides which leads to more violence |
| Al Asqa Intifada | 2000-2005; Israeli diplomat known for really harsh policies against Palestinians goes to Dome of the Rock so they protest; it gets out of hand and soldiers fire into the crowd; over 3000 Palestinians die (they don't have a real army); Israeli per capita deaths is a lot (1000 people; 3x that of 9-11) |
| Pahlavi Dynasty | Started 1921 by Reza Shah; he rules and then his son Muhammad rules; they both make life really hard for poor pious people |
| Great Game | Competeition between Russia and Britain over Central Asia, ends up transferring to conflict in Iran which blocks the constitutional movement of 1905-1907, especially after oil is discovered in 1908 |
| Muhammed Reza Shah | The son of the founder of the Pahlavi Dynasty; he was too American for the country pious people to relate/respect him; |
| Mossadegh | Prime Minister in 1951 who actually stands up for the poor; he nationalizes oil fields/refineries; despite US attempts to stop him (boycotting oil) it does nothing; Shah can't get rid of him because the population loves him |
| Operation Ajax | CIA stages coup in 1953 to get rid of Mossadegh; new Shah comes into power; all of the bad things in Iran make the US look bad because we put the Shah into power |
| White Revolution | 1961; attempt at secularizing everything; it hurts religious life and makes mosques places of dispute; no one can speak out because of the Shah's secret police |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | Beloved by the people; he is exiled for speaking out against the White Revolution (1964); when the Shah criticizes him, there are mass protests (1978); eventually takes over Iran in 1979 and puts things back to a fundamentalist state (fine for the poor but hard for the urban elite); partially responsible for Iran Iraq war; died 1989 |
| Iran Iraq war | 1980-1989; culture and personal leader clash; also the Shaat Al Arab is needed to export oil but both countries want it/don't want the other country to have it; nothing changes except 1M people die; oil industry infrastructure is destroyed and Iraq is 80 B dollars in debt |
| Ayatollah Khamenei | Khomeini's successor; not as charismatic; he prevents Iran from opening to the outside world/modernizing; young urban elite are frustrated with him |
| President Ahmadinjad | Well educated engineer who becomes president not on a religious campaign (first time) in 2005; he wants to help the pious poor with a bunch of programs but he can't actually do it so has a mask of fundamentalism to hide his failures; he goes against Israel and US to give the Iranians a common enemy that is not him |
| The Green Movement | 2009; election has Ahmadinjad vs. Mousavi; urban young people support Mousavi but Ahmadinjad wins in a land slide; massive protests of up to 3M people; leads to violent crackdowns and general unhappiness/badness |
| First Persian Gulf War | Started with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990; operation desert shield organized the UN coalition of a bunch of countries to try to get Iraq out of Kuwait; then an air war and operation desert storm; on land fighting lasted 100 hours february 24-28 before Iraq lost Kuwait; 140 soldiers dead on UN side but Iraq lost 25,000 to 100,000 men |
| Operation Desert Storm | Started with an air strike war that lasted for a month where the UN troops bombed military bases in Kuwait and Iraq; the on-land fighting only lasted 100 hours before Iraq lost Kuwait; 147 soldiers died on UN side but Iraq lost 25,000 to 100,000 men; made US think wars were easy and bloodless even though this IS NOT true |
| UN Coalition | formed to liberate Kuwait and find/destroy weapons of mass destruction in Operation Desert Shield, most countries join symbolically to give impression of world vs. Saddam Hussein not just US |
| Al Qaeda | established by Osama bin Laden to organize mujahadeen, attack US and its embassies multiple times, trying to provoke US military action in Islamic countries; based in Afghanistan/Saudi Arabia |
| Osama bin Laden | Rich Saudi Arabian Wahhabist, establishes Al Qaeda, focuses hate on US and issues 1998 fatwa of duty to kill US and its allies, both military and civilians |
| Mujahadeen | Islamic fighters from all over who come to Afghanistan for jihad against USSR due to 1979 invasion, given guns by US and Al Qaeda created to organize it |
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