Government AP Court Cases
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Created by:
candy4cara on May 13, 2012
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 New York v Quarles | "Public safety" exception to Miranda. Police officer asked suspect about gun before Miranda. Gun was admitted as evidence in court. |
| Escobedo v Illinois | defendent must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police |
| District of Columbia v Heller | Declares that the Second Amendment includes an individual right to have a gun. (Federal Right Only) |
| US v Miller | sawed off shotgun = federal offense b/c isn't standard issue weapon; cant ship guns over state lines unless they are registered |
| Dred Scott v Sanford | Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens. |
| Plessy v Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal (man was denied first class seat because he was part black, but it was okay because) |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v United States | Congress could use its Commerce Clause power to fight discrimination(motel owner wouldn't let black in; violated Civil Rights Act of 1964) |
| Regents of University of California v Bakke | 1978 supreme court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race; no quotas; they were made unconstitutional (14th) |
| Miranda v Arizona | Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police; creation of Miranda rights |
| Gibbons v odgen | reaffirmed federal control over interstate commerce under a broad interpretation of this clause in the constitution, not states (ferrys) |
| Rostker v Goldberg | Congress can draft men without drafting women, 14th amendment equal protection clause, but held because military law is different |
| Frontiero v Richardson | 14th amendment negates a federal law that allowed a woman in the armed forces to claim her husband as a dependant only if he depended on her for 50% + of his support, while a serviceman could claim dependent status for his wife regardless of actual dependency. Classifying gender as suspect classification subject to strict scrutiny. |
| Lawrence v texas | overturned Bowers v. Hardwick; a law stating that homosexual relations were sodomy is unconstitutional (texas) |
| Swan v Board of Education | (1971): Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools; 14th amendment |
| Reed v reed | the landmark case in 1971 in which the supreme court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination, violates 14th amendment equal protection clause |
| South Dakota v Dole | Congress is allowed to attach "strings" (conditions of aid) to money given to states (raise drinking age to 21 to get highway funds). Major tool of fiscal federalism; dealt with supremacy clause |
| McCulloch v Maryland | Maryland wants to tax US Bank. this supported the elastic clause and the supremacy clause. "necessary and proper"; 10th amendment |
| Smith v Alwright | Denying blacks right to vote in primary violation of 5th? Yes. (violated 14th) |
| Shaw v Reno | NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts; 14th |
| US Term Limits v Thornton | Prohibited state legislatures from imposing term limits of their Representatives and Senators (Court held that the Constitution's Qualifications Clause is the only limit on congressional service) |
| Thornton v Arkansas | 1992- Arkansas "term limit amendment" to constitution ruled unconstitutional |
| Dejonge v Oregon | cannot prohibit peaceful marches due to content of message (cant stop peaceful communist rally) |
| Barron v Baltimore | 1833; court ruled that Bill of Rights only applied to the national government, not the states; created dual citizenship |
| New York Times v US | Prior Restraint. Overruled Nixon's attempt to prevent publication of Vietnam documents (1st amendment freedom of press) |
| Schenk v US | Speech that creates a "clear and present danger"---especially during war times—can be limited. Free speech is not "absolute". |
| Mapp v Ohio | established the exclusionary rule; evidence illegally obtained cannot be used in court; Warren Court's judicial activism, overturned wolf v colorado |
| Wolf v Colorado | illegally obtained evidence did not necessarily have to be excluded from trials in all cases. |
| Tinker v Des Moines | The case that ruled that students do not lose Constitutional rights when they entered the building but they can be limited if they cause a disruption(wearing armbands isn't unconstitutional=freedom of expression) |
| New Jersey v TLO | Supreme court case in which it was decided that a student may be searched if there is "reasonable ground" for doing so. |
| Roe v Wade | (1973) legalized abortion (4th and 9th amendment right to privacy and secure in their own persons); overturned texas law |
| Gitlow v New York | FIRST SELECTIVE INCORPORATION CASE!, established selective incorporation of the Bill of rights; states cannot deny freedom of speech; its a basic natural right of all citizens |
| Griswold v Connecticut | struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, creating a "right to privacy." |
| Reynolds v US | Court ruled that one cannot use religion as a defense to the crime of polygamy. Court ruled that religious practices that impair the public interest do not fall under the First Amendment. |
| Texas v Johnson | A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment. |
| Gideon v Wainright | Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in serious criminal cases |
| Brown v Board of Ed | Ruled that racially segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Reversed the principle of "separate but equal" established in Plessy v Ferguson |
| Lemon v Kurtzman | Aid to church schools by government (1) must be secular (2) neither advance nor inhibit religion (3) government cannot get excessively "wrapped up" in the faith |
| US v Lopez | court ruled that gun-free school zone act exceeded Congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce; Congress must defer to states; Rehnquist judicial restraint, judicial supremacy |
| Gregg v georgia | upheld the death penalty was NOT cruel and unusual punishment |
| Buckley v Valeo | 1st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns. (hard money banned soft money constitutional) |
| McConnel v FEC | -suit against government over McCain v. Feingold -court upheld limits on soft money -upheld limits on advertising by unions and corporations within 30 or 60 days of an election -citizens united altered this decision |
| Citizens United v FEC | ruled that corporations may spend money in order to influence election process without donating to a campaign (pacs) if you dont specifically endorse public fugyres adverts/broadcasting is constitutional |
| Baker v Carr | less blatant gerrymandering and redistricting was subject to judicial approval "one person one vote" |
| Marbury v Madison | established precedent of judicial review |
| US v Virginia | The Virginia Military Institute did not even consider or review a high school female's application. Supreme Court ruled 7:1 that this was a violation of 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause and the school's plan failed to create an equal female institution. |
| US v Nixon | Ruled that the President has no "executive privilege" of witholding evidence from court if they are criminal proceedings; executive privelege works only in times of national security |
| Engle v Vitale | Holding Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation. |
| Cruzan v Missouri Department of Health | Doctor Assisted Suicide is not a protected right. However, if a living will exists, the hospital must respect the individual's choice to end life support. |
| John Peter Zenger Trial | Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies. |
| Bowers v Hardwick | court said const did not protect homosexual relations between consenting adults in own homes |
| UAW v Johnson Controls | allowed women to work in a battery factory even though there was a chance that working there would render them infertile |
| Dothard v Rawlinson | Supreme Court case that voided arbitrary height and weight requirements for employees. |
| Craig v Boren | In this 1976 ruling, the Supreme Court established the "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination.(discrimination for men & women) |
| Ledbetter v Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company | In 2007 Court made it harder for workers to use Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to sue for discrimination.(b/c you had to sue 180 days after discrimination), but congress tried to remedy this but makeing the Lilly ledbetter act which allowed suits to be filed after discovery of discrimination |
| Palko v Connecticut | The Fifth Amendment right to protection against double jeopardy is not a fundamental right incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment to the individual states. |
| Near v Minnesota | the 1931 Supreme Court decision holding that the first amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint. |
| Powell v Alabama | The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. |
| Cantwell v Connecticut | Free Exercise Clause. govt and state cannot suppress the religious views of groups of people.(1940) |
| Hazelwood v Kuhlmeir | schools can prohibit speech in school-sponsored activities, like newspaper |
| Bethel School District v Fraser | Obscenity case. Court ruled that it was appropriate to discipline students for use of obscenity. School Assembly |
| Boy Scouts of America v Dale | The boy scouts were allowed to dismiss a leader after learning that he was gay, holding that freedom of association outweighed the New Jersey anti-discrimination statute. |
| Romer v Evans | a law was made that banned protected status for homosexuals. this law was banned under equal protection clause |
| Wisconsin v Yoder | Amish children do not have to go to school until they are 16---they may stop after the 8th grade |
| US v O'Brien | burning of draft card; rule that expressive conduct could be restricted if it did not suppress expression, if it involved substantial government interest, and was no greater than necessary to achieve interest |
| US v Eichman | Case that strikes down Flag Protection Act |
| Miller v California | 1973 ruling that determined the obscenity clause to related to works that lack literary, artisitic, political or scientific value. (LAPS test), avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards determine obscene material |
| weeks v us | Established exclusionary rule, evidence gotten without a warrant isn't admissable in a federal court |
| katz v us | 1967, the government can not tap your phone without a warrant. |
| sheppard v maxwell | 6th amendment guarantee of fair trial is superior to 1st amendment guarantee of freedom of the press |
| furman v georgia | the death penalty is not being administered equitably |
| roper v simmons | Execution of offenders for crimes committed while under the age of 18 is unconstitutional |
| grutter v bollinger | Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan |
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