Biology Final
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thatskatastic on May 13, 2012
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156 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Physiological adaptations | Changes to an organisms metabolic or internal processes (chemical) |
| Behavioral adaptations | Changes in an animal's behavior that help it survive (actions) |
| Morphological adaptations | Adaptations that affect the outward body structure (structure) |
| Syphilis | An STD that attacks many parts of the body causing a chancre, rash, and organ damage; is caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete |
| Gonorrhea | An STD caused by a bacteria and causes painful urination, pus, and sterility |
| Herpes | An STD caused by a virus and causes blisters, pain, headaches, and rashes |
| Aids | An STD caused by a virus and causes and decrease in immunity |
| Punctuated equilibrium | Theory proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge;species remain unchanged for a long time and then the equilibrium is interrupted by a sudden change like the environment changing quickly, and a new species arises |
| Gradualism | Theory proposed by Darwin; evolution is slow and steady and occurs over a long period of geologic time, transitional forms evolve, etc. |
| Lamarck | Proposed that all organisms have an inborn urge to become more complex and perfect, as a result, organisms acquire features that help them live more successfully in their environment and these "acquired characteristics" were then passed onto offspring as "inherited characteristics" (theory is wrong) |
| Darwin | Proposed the "evolution by natural selection"- the process by which organism with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring |
| Homologous structures | Structures that are similar in different species of a common ancestor |
| Analogous structures | Body parts that share a common function, but not structure |
| Vestigial structures | Structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function (ex. tailbones in humans) |
| Adaptive radiation | The process by which a single species of small group of species evolves over a relatively short time into several different forms that live in different ways; may occur when a species migrate to a different place (ex. finches on the Galapagos Island) |
| Convergence | Produces related appearance in unrelated organism |
| Divergence | The evolutionary tendency or process by which animals or plants that are descended from a common ancestor evolve into different forms when living under different conditions |
| Physical adaptations | Can be influenced by natural selection; the physical traits of organism help them survive in their environment |
| Camoflage | Organism blend in with its environment due to color or pattern; ex. cryptic coloration |
| Cryptic coloration | Organism hides in plain side by changing color; color or pattern resembles background environment of the organism |
| Hide in plain sight | Body shape of organism resembles something the environment |
| Color change | Organism's body color changes to match environment |
| Warning coloration | Dangerous or offensive organism displays visible color pattern to warn off others |
| Mimicry | Inoffensive or non-dangerous organism develops color or pattern of an offensive or dangerous one |
| Classify human | Animal --> Chordate --> Mammal --> Primate --> Hominidae --> Homo --> Homo Sapiens |
| Classification | (KPCOFGS) Kingdom --> Phylum --> Class --> Order --> Family --> Genus --> Species |
| Importance of taxonomy | First step in understanding diversity, used to describe and name each species; allows us to see relationships through clades and how organisms have evolved over time |
| Six Kingdoms | Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista |
| Eubacteria | All prokaryotes except archaebacteria; any bacteria living in moist, damp areas and have cellular walls |
| Archaebacteria | Bacteria that live under extreme conditions such as: high temperature (thermophile), high salt content (halophile), and low oxygen (methanogens) |
| Protista | Eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic organisms; heterotrophic and digest their food externally, absorbing nutrient molecules into their cells ex. yeasts, molds, and mushrooms |
| Plantae | Eurkaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose |
| Animalia | Multicellular, eukaryotic, ingestive heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls |
| Nutrition adaptations in kingdoms | Refers to any sort of change or evolution in eating patterns of the kingdoms of the centuries |
| Heterotroph | Gather their food from other sources besides themselves ex. humans, animals, fungi |
| Autotrophs | Get energy and food from sunlight ex. bacteria and plants |
| Prokaryote | Unicellular organisms that lacks a nucleus |
| Eukaryote | Organism that carries their genetic information in the cellular membrane within in the nucleus |
| Moss | Bryophyte found in damp places with lots of water and is the mostly aquatic; primarily a gametophyte with no vascular tissue |
| Ferns | More complex plant that is primarily a sporophyte |
| Gametophyte | Gamete-producing plant; multi-cellular haploid phase of life cycle |
| Sporophyte | Spore producing plant; the multicellular diploid phase of a plant life cycle |
| Seeds | Plant embryo and a food supply encased in protective covering |
| Gynosperm | Group of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scale of cones; naked seed |
| Angiosperms | Flowers; group of seed plants that bear their seeds within a later of tissue that protects the seed, covered seed |
| Fruit | Matured ovary of the flower; adaptation for dispersing seeds |
| Skeletal system functions | Supports the body, protects the internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood formation |
| Skeletal system structures | Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons |
| Spongy bone | Tiny structures of spongy bone are arranged in such a way that they can support a lot force; red marrow is found in the spaces of the spongy bone |
| Growth plate | Contain dividing cartilage cells that increase the size of a bone until a person reaches his/her adult height |
| Compact bone | Dense compact bone, found under periosteum, contains networks of tubes through which blood vessels and nerves travel |
| Haversian canals | Contains blood vessels and nerves; osteoclasts and osteoblasts line the canals |
| Periosteum | Tought layer of connective tissue |
| Bones | Solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deopsits of calcium salts |
| Ossification | Process of bone formation in which bone tissue forms called osteoblasts that secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones; osteocytes help to maintain mineral in bone tissue and continue to stregthen growing bone |
| Bone development | Growth plates at either end of the bone grow and cause the bone to lengthen; gradually this cartilage is replaced by bone tissue, and the bones become larger and stronger; eventually, bones become completely ossied and a person "stops growing" |
| Endoskeleton | An inner skeleton that is made out of cartilage, bone, and solid connective tissues and is found in mammals and other animals |
| Exoskeleton | An outer skeleton that is made out of chitin, living tissue, carbohydrates, and protein; main purposes are support, improving movement, preventing waer loss, and protection; limits the size of adult and it must molt to grow ex. crabs |
| Tendons | Attach muscle to bone |
| Ligaments | Attach bone to bone |
| Cartilage | Type of connective tissue that supports that body and is softer and more flexible than the bone |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of joints |
| Sprain | Ligaments torn of stretched |
| Fracture | Break in bone |
| Dislocation | Bones move out of position |
| Rickets | Weak bones, vitamin D defiency |
| Srain | Muscle fibers torn or stretched |
| Tetanus | Bacterial disease that causes muscle to be in a constant state of contraction |
| Dermatitis | Rash of inflammation of skin, causes itching |
| Wound | Open breaks in skin |
| Boils and acne | Bacterial infecion of oil or sweat glands |
| Circulatory system functions | Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body, and removes wastes from tissues |
| Circulatory system structures | Heart, blood vessels, blood |
| Arteries | Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissue of the body; except for the pulmonary arteries, all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood; made of thick elastic walls and three layers of tissue- connective tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium |
| Capillaries | Smallest blood vessels with thin walls and endothelium that allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from the blood into tissues, and carbon dioxide and others waste products to move from tissues into blood |
| Veins | Returns blood to the heart from the capillaries; located near and between skeletal muscles to help move the blood against the flow of gravity, and also contains valves; made of connective tissue, endothelium, and smooth muscle |
| Systole pressure | The force in the arteries when the ventricles contract (when the heart beats) |
| Diastolic pressure | The force in the arteries when the ventricles relax (when the heart is at rest) |
| Antibodies | Protein that either attacks antigens directly or produces antigen-binding protein; specific y-shaped molecule made to be a receptor for antigens; antibodies agglutinate (clump) invaders, marking them for destruction |
| Antigens | Any substance that triggers an immune response |
| Vaccine | Preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease |
| Lymphatic system functions | Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system |
| Lymph | Fluid that is filtered out of the body |
| Lymph nodes | Act as filters: trapping microorganism, stray cancer cells, and debris as lymph flows through them |
| Thymus | Site where T-cells mature before they leave to function in the immune system |
| Spleen | As blood flows through, it is cleaned of microorganisms and other debris; also removes old or damaged blood cells and stores platelets |
| Lymph vessels | System of vessels that run alongside the intestines, picking up fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive tract and transports those nutrients into the bloodsteam |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells; most numerous cell in the body whose main function is to transport oxygen and is made in red bone marrow; lives for 120 days; most numerous cell in the body |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells; guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria, live for years |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets; fragments of cytoplasm of certain bone marrow and release proteins that help to clot blood; live for 5-9 days |
| Digestive system functions | Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; eliminates waste in four phases- ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination |
| Mouth | Where digestion begins; tongue, teeth, and saliva form food into a moist lump that can be swallowed |
| Pharynx | Tube at the back of the mouth that serves as a passageway for both air and food; also called the throat |
| Esophagus | The tube connecting the mouth to the stomach |
| Small intestine | Digestive organ in which most chemical digestion and absorption take place |
| Large intestine | Organ in the digestive system that removes water from the undigested material that passes through it; also called colon |
| Fat | Lipid; made up of fatty acids and glycerol; type of nutrient that protects body organs, insulates the body, and stores energy |
| Starch | Found in complex carbohydrates like grains, potatoes, and veggies |
| Protein | Supply raw material for growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle |
| Excretory system functions | Eliminates waste products from the body and helps maintain homeostasis |
| Skin | Excretes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea in sweat |
| Lungs | Excrete carbon dioxide and small amounts of water |
| Liver | Converts dangerous nitrogen wastes into urea |
| Kidneys | Remove excess water, urea, and metabolic wastes from the blood |
| Ureters | Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladders |
| Urinary bladder | Stores urine |
| Urethra | Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| Glomerular filtrate | Substances that filter out of the blood through the thin walls of the glomeruli |
| Muscular system functions | Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movemen; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system |
| Skeletal muscle | Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones; often called muscle fibers because they are long and slender (ex. winking, dancing, typing) |
| Cardiac muscle | Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart (ex. heart beating) |
| Smooth muscle | Not striated, involuntary muscles (ex. stomach, blood vessels, intestines) |
| Reproductive system functions | Produce gametes in males; nurtures and protects developing embryo in females |
| Monotremes | External development (lay eggs) ex. duck-billed playpus and spiny anteaters |
| Marsupials | Partial internal development (pouches) and young are born immature and develop in pouches ex. kangaroos, wombats, koalas |
| Placental | Internal development; 4 membranes form around ebryo after fertilization and implantation ex. humans |
| Testes | Primary reproductive organ that produces sperm, intersitial cells from testorene |
| Scrotum | External sac that houses the testes |
| Epididymis | Organ where the sperm mature and are stored |
| Vas Deferens | Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra |
| Seminiferous tubules | One of the hundreds of tubules in each testes in which sperm develop |
| Penis | Organ of copulation |
| Bulbourethral gland | Produces mucus |
| Seminal vesicle | Produces sugar solution in semen |
| Ovary | The primary reproductive organ that produces eggs |
| Fallopian tubes | Carries eggs from ovary to the uterus; site of fertilization |
| Uterus | Implantation site of blastocysts |
| Cervix | Neck of uterus (from vagina) |
| Vagina | Organ of copulation and also the birth canal |
| Follicles | Clusters of cells surrounding a single egg that help it to mature |
| Membranes in placental mammals | Chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion |
| Chorion | Line shell, gas exchange |
| Allantois | Waste disposal |
| Yolk sac | Food source |
| Amnion | Fluid filled sac that surrounds embryo; acts as shock absorber |
| Endoderm | Innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system |
| Mesoderm | Middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory system |
| Ectoderm | Outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin |
| Implantation | Embryo becomes a hollow ball known as a blastocyst that attaches to the wall of the uterus and begins to grow into the tissues of the mother; the blastocyst then begins to specialize (differentatiation), resulting in various types of tissue in the body |
| Gastrulation | Formation of three cell layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
| Neurulation | The first step in the development of the nervous system; block of mesodermal tissue begins to differentiate into the notochord |
| Placenta (fetal development) | As the embryo develops, specialized membranes form to protect and nourish the embryo; the embryo is surrounded by the amnion, a sac filled with amniotic fluid that cushions and protects the developing embryo; eventually the placenta (connection between the mother and embryo that acts as the embryo's organ of respiration, nourishment, and excretion) develops |
| Months 4-6 of fetal development | Tissues of the fetus become more complex and specialized, abd begin to function; fetal heart becomes larger, bone continues to replace cartilage, soft hair grows on the fetus |
| Months 7-9 of fetal development | Organ systems of the fetus mature, and the fetus doubles in mass |
| Estrous cycle | Time from the start of one heat period to the start of the next |
| Menstruation | Days 1-5 of menstrual cycle; uterine lining breaks down; discharge of blood, egg, and uterine tissue |
| Breast feeding | Within a few hours after birth, the pituitary hormone prolactin stimulates the production of milk in the breast tissues of the mother |
| External fertilization | Courtship behaviors and body contact |
| Internal fertilization | Courtship and estrous cycle (heat) |
| External development | Egg laying; ex. insect, some fish & reptiles, birds, and monotreme mammals |
| Internal development | Give birth; ex. some fish & reptiles, marsupials, and placental mammals |
| Complete metamorphosis | Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult; ex. moths, houseflies, butterflies |
| Incomplete metamorphosis | Insect development consisting of only three stages: egg, nymph, adult; ex. crickets, roaches, grasshoppers |
| Hermaphrodites | Both male and female; born with testes and ovaries |
| Parthenogenesis | Development of unfertilized egg, process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual |
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