AP European History - Chapter 28 - Dictatorships and the Second World War
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ChristopherFrazier on May 14, 2012
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Textbook: A History of Western Society
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bolshevism | A radical ideology supported by Vladimir Lenin. Favored a closed party consisting of and run by professional revolutionaries and supported the idea of a dictatorship that would accelerate the transition to socialism. It placed an emphasis on the working class, from which it drew much of its support |
| Red Scare | a period of general fear of communists. Especially in 1919 when Lenin came into power |
| Weimar Republic | Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably. It had leaders such as Stresseman and Hindenburg. Ended with Nazi's coming into power |
| Social Democratic Party | founded by Russian Marxists in 1898; held the belief that revolution would begin first in western Europe, following classical Marxist principles; distrusted the peasant class |
| Treaty of Versailles | The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. |
| Dictated Peace | Germany had no say in the Treaty of Versailles |
| Reichstag | Seated Germany's lower house of Parlimrent, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany. |
| Ruhr Crisis | 1922-1923. Germany announced they couldn't pay their reperations, France invades the Ruhr VAlley to collect reperations "in Kind." (leads to Germany printing money causing hyperinflation) |
| Reparations | As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany. |
| Beer Hall Putsch | In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf. |
| Mein Kampf | 'My Struggle' by Hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession |
| Dawes Plan | A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success. |
| Locarno Act | ... |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | an agreement between 15 nations outlawing war; eventually 48 other nations joined the pact; had no way of enforcing peace |
| Irish Question | Internal dispute in Great Britain concerning calls for Irish independence. Ended in separation of an independent republic, first known as the Irish Free State, now called Eire, from Northern Ireland, which remained part of the United Kingdom. Height of the independence movement was from the Easter Rising of 1916 and the Irish Civil War in 1921, although independence was a political aim of the Irish nationalists since the Irish Rebellion of 1798. |
| Sinn Fein | An Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland |
| Irish Republican Army | a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland |
| Totalitarianism | is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something |
| Soviet Union | A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. |
| Vladimir Lenin | Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers. |
| Joseph Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) |
| Leon Trotsky | Lead the Bolsheviks of Russian along side Lenin. He was a spellbinding revolutionary orator and independent racial Marxist, who brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power by convincing the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee and make him its leader. His soldiers joined with the Bolsheviks to overtake members of the provisional government and win the vote of the Congress of soviets. He was also leader of the Red Army in the civil war.(908,910) |
| 5 Year Plan | Stalin's plan to reorganize the industry and agriculture to catch up with the industrialized west with collectivization of farms and unrealistic production quotas in factories |
| Collectivization | system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it. |
| Kulaks | Prosperous Russian Peasents that - under Stalin - were sent to Labor Camps as punishment for being succesful |
| Politburo | the political bureau of the communist part; the small committee that held most of hte power in the soviet union. |
| General Secretary | Head of the Politburo and dictator of the USSR. |
| Museums of Atheism | The Russian government turned churches into "_____". |
| Great Terror | ... |
| Gulags | Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in Siberia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died in these camps. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786) |
| March on Rome | Event in 1922 that displaces King Victor Emmaneul and establishes Mussolini as leader of Italy |
| Nazism | The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party, otherwise known as the Nazi Party. Nazism was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany. |
| Stab in the Back | Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surreder to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920's |
| Aryan Race | the pure Germanic race, used by the Nazis to suggest a superior non-Jewish Caucasian typified by height, blonde hair, blue eyes |
| Lebensraum | (German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class. |
| Fuhrer | German word for leader, used to describe Hitler in the Nazi Party. |
| Third Reich | The Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945 |
| Enabling Act | enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament. Absolute POWER. |
| Night of Long Knives | Purge of Adolf Hitler's potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA). targeted SA leaders and members who were associated more with socialism than with nationalism, and were viewed as a threat to the continued support for Hitler within the Army. |
| Sturmabteilung | SA This was the Nazi paramilitary force which protected Hitler and played a key role in his rise to power. One of the first SA leaders was Hermann Goering. The SA was important because they were responsible for most of the violence against Jews as well as allowing Hitler to rise to power. They were responsible for the April 1, 1933 boycott as well as many pogroms such as Kristallnacht. They were also responsible for the spread of Nazi propaganda. |
| S.S. | special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925 |
| Heinrich Himmler | German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945) |
| Gestapo | the secret state police in Nazi Germany |
| Hitler Youth | Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler. The Hitler Youth organization "brainwashed" the children and convinced them of German superiority. |
| Nuremburg Laws | 9/1935: Nuremberg Laws passed against Jews: Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood forbidden, Jews not allowed to employ female German citizens as domestic workers, Jews forbidden to display Reich and national flag, could only wear Jewish colors, |
| Kristallnacht | (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. |
| Final Solution | final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers |
| 1936 Olympics | -- Hitler & Goebbels' goals: -- Normalize Germany's international relations -- Showcase German's Nordic physical prowess -- Use it all for propaganda! |
| Paper Agreements | ... |
| Manchuria | With a base in Korea the Japanese moved into Manchuria and pushed out the Russians, Manchuria proved to be an invaluable foothold in China |
| London Economic Conference | Conference in 1933 subverted by FDR's attempts to protect US dollars from deflation |
| Ethiopia | African nation invaded by fascist Italy in 1935 |
| Spanish Civil War | In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco. |
| Generalissimo Francisco Franco | Fascist leader of Spanish rebels in the Spanish Civil War and friend of Hitler and Mussolini. Led the Spanish military forces revolt against the democratic government in 1936 (Spanish Civil War); ended when his forces captured Madrid and he established a dictatorship that favored large landowners, businesspeople, and the Catholic clergy (for background/context see page 764). Roosevelt chose neutrality in denying arms to both him and the Spanish government, thus helping him to victory and leading the world to WWII. |
| Guernica | a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | 1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis. |
| Rhineland | Region between Germany and France demilitarized by Treaty of Versailles; Hitler occupied and fortified the region |
| Pacifism | the belief that all international disputes can be settled by arbitration |
| Rape of Shanghai | ... |
| Austria | ... |
| Neville Chamberland | Prime minister of Great Britain 1937-1940; advocated a policy of appeasement toward the territorial demands of nazi Germany, and turned a blind eye to Germanys 1938 annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland. |
| Sudentenland | a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war |
| Appeasement | policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory. |
| Peace in our Time | after the conference Churchill goes back with a paper and says "I hold in my hand, peace in our time"; he does this because he thinks he's finally made Hitler happy; ironically enough WWII breaks out less than a year later |
| Czecholslovakia | ... |
| Poland | ... |
| German-Soveit Non-Aggression Pact | ... |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939 |
| Dunkirk | a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire |
| Vichy France | Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France |
| Charles de Gaulle | French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970) |
| Tripartite Pact | Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US |
| Battle of Britain | the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it |
| Operation Season | ... |
| RAF | Britain's Royal Air Force |
| the Blitz | Sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1941 |
| Scorced Earth | ... |
| Leningrad | a Russian city was surrounded and supplies cut off, the civilians and soldiers still fought eventually making the Germans surrender |
| Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland | USSR's name for WWII |
| Neutraility Acts | Forbade the transporation or sale of arms to warring nations |
| Lend-Lease Act | Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States." |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| The Grand Alliance | Alliance between Britain, U.S., and Russia that agreed to deal with a "Europe First" policy in which defending against Germany was the priority. However this Alliance was short lived due to a lack of trust between the three members as well as the fact that they each believed that they were powerful enough independently. |
| Nazi "New Order" | racial differences important in the conquering of peoples The order est. by Germans while occupying foreign countries, "Aryan Countries" (Norway, Denmark, Netherlands) get civil administration s while inferiors get military ones (France) ruthless economic exploitation upon conquered nations, resources = food , shelter, clothes, shortages, attempt to exterminate Jewish people |
| Slavic States | ... |
| Warsaw | Polish city; at beginning of WWII, besieged and taken over by German forces; near the end of the war, the Warsaw Uprising was a struggle by the Polish Home Army to liberate Warsaw from Nazi German forces |
| Auschwitz | Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800) |
| Rommel's Afrikakorps | ... |
| Battle of the Bulge | December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. |
| Tehran Conference | December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace |
| Declaration of Liberated Europe | called for free elections; gave European people opportunity to choose which form of government they wish to have |
| Invasion of Italy | Allies decided to invade the island of sicily to gaine access to the Italian mainland (island hopping) June 1944 allies marched into rome and it became the 1st capital to fall |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. |
| V-E Day | May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered |
| Big Three | Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt |
| Potsdam Conference | The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. |
| Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. |
| Stalingrad | City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793) |
| Three Fronts | Eastern, Western, and Middle East |
| Casablanca Conference | Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war. |
| Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese Ward |
| July 28th, 1914 | Start of World War 1 (date) |
| January 30th, 1933 | Hitler Comes to Power (date) |
| June 6th, 1944 | D-Day (Date) |
| September 2nd, 1945 | V-J Day (Date) |
| June 28th, 1919 | Treaty of Versailles (Date) |
| ... | Coming of Power to the Third Reich (Date) |
| December 7th, 1941 | Pearl Harbor (Date) |
| December 1922 | Russia changes to USSR (Date) |
| September 1st, 1939 | Invasion of Poland (Date) |
| May 8th, 1945 | V-E Day (Date) |
| Facism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition |
| Communist | person believes government should control businesses and operate for the benefit of all citizens - land, factories, railroads, businesses, etc. are shared equally by all |
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