Biology B Review Challenge
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Mendizza Teacher on May 14, 2012
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Biology B Review Challenge
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109 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Red blood cell | This cell picks up oxygen in the lungs and carry it to the cells in the body |
| Hemoglobin | iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body |
| Emphysema | A disease caused by smoking that makes breathing very difficult. |
| Asthma | A respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrow, this makes it hard to breathe |
| Circulatory System | The system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that circulate (move) blood through the body |
| Respiratory System | system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs |
| Trachea | The main air tube leading into the respiratory system. |
| Lungs | two large respiratory organs inside the chest where blood picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide |
| Alveoli | tiny air sacs in the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged with oxygen |
| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped muscle that is attached to the lower ribs and that functions as the main muscle in respiration |
| Heart | a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body |
| Arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
| Capillaries | connect arteries to veins |
| Atrium | each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart |
| Ventricles | the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body. |
| Valve | A flap of tissue that open and close to allow the flow of blood in one direction only. |
| pacemaker | A small group of muscle cells that control the heart's beating. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs |
| Systematic Circulation | the circulation of the blood between the heart and the body |
| Blood Pressure | the force that blood pushes on the walls of the arteries |
| Systolic Pressure | pressure in the artery when the left ventricle is contracting to force the blood into the aorta and other arteries |
| Diastolic Pressure | the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest or relaxed |
| Platelets | tiny, disk-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation |
| Plasma | the yellow liquid part of blood, It is 90% water |
| Blood type | A+, B+, AB+, O+, A-, B-, AB-, O- |
| White blood cells | disease fighting cells in blood |
| Lymph Nodes | A place in the body that filters or traps for foreign particles and contain white blood cells |
| nervous system | The physically connected system that controls thoughts, movements, and simple processes such as swallowing. |
| endocrine system | A system of physically disconnected organs that control growth, development, and your responses to the environment, such as internal body temperature. |
| neuron | a special cell that stores information and carries messages within the body. |
| dendrite | The part of a neuron at the tips of the cell that receives messages from other cells. |
| axon | A long arm of a neuron that sends information to other cells. |
| synapse | A tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters jump across |
| resting potential | A neuron that is at rest and contains the energy to send an impulse. |
| rod cell | cells in the eye that detect light intensity and are used in black and white vision |
| cone cell | Cells in the eye that detect color. |
| iris | the colored part of the eye that changes size in order to let in light. |
| hair cell | A special cell in the inner ear that detects vibrations from sound waves in the air. |
| receptors | These sense touch, temperature, and pain. |
| cerebrum | The part of the brain that interprets signals from your body and forms responses such as hunger, thirst, emotions, motion, and pain. Each hemisphere (half) controls the opposite side of the body |
| hemisphere | One half of the cerebrum or brain. Each half controls the opposite side of the body. |
| cerebral cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum. It interprets signals from your sensory organs. |
| sensory organs | skin, eyes, nose, ears, mouth. |
| stimulus | Anything that causes a response or a change. |
| central nervous system | The part of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord. It receives and stores information from stimulus, such as memory. |
| peripheral nervous system | The part of the nervous system that is a network of nerves that sends messages to the brain and other organs. |
| brain stem | This connects the brain to the spinal cord. It controls functions required for life, such as breathing and heartbeat. |
| spinal cord | This connects your brain to all the nerves in your body. It runs along your back. |
| somatic nervous system | This controls muscle movements and balance. |
| automatic nervous system | Controls functions that you do not have to think about, such as digesting food and pushing it through your intestines. |
| sympathetic nervous system | The part of the nervous system that prepares you for stress, such as when you are frightened or are going to compete in a sport. It improves your physical abilities and allows you to think quickly. |
| addiction | The psychological need for a substance. |
| desensitization | When large amounts of neurotransmitters cause neurons to remove receptors. |
| tolerance | When it takes a larger amount of a drug to produce the same effect. |
| stimulant | A drug that increases the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapses. This makes a person feel happy, alert, and energetic. |
| depressant | A drug that reduces neurotransmitters or blocks receptors. Users feel relaxed or tired, and may react slowly. |
| hormone | Chemical signals made by glands in the endocrine system. |
| glands | These release hormones into the bloodstream and causes certain cells to change. |
| hypothalamus | A small area in the middle of the brain that controls growth, reproduction, and body temperature. |
| pituitary gland | A gland in the brain that controls cell growth and water in the blood. |
| determination | The point when a stem cell has become committed to develop into only one type of cell. |
| stem cell | cells that have the ability to develop into any type of cell, such as bone, sperm, muscle, etc. |
| cell | the smallest level of organization in an organism. |
| tissue | groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function |
| organ | these are formed by different types of tissues that work together. eg: lungs, liver, brain, kidney, skin |
| organ system | Two or more organs working together. eg: the tongue, mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines work together for a common purpose. |
| organism | Any living thing. They are made up of several organ systems. |
| homeostasis | the regulation of the internal environment of the body. Keeping your insides the same temperature, pH, salinity, etc. |
| negative feedback | functions that restore your body to normal |
| thermoregulation | The process of maintaining a steady body temperature even under changing conditions. |
| nonrenewable resource | A resource that cannot be replaced once it is used. Examples include gasoline and petroleum products. |
| renewable resource | A resource that can be replaced or reused, such as trees, air, and water. |
| pollution | Substances that damage the environment, such as car emissions, waste from sewers, or household chemicals. |
| smog | A type of air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels. |
| particulate | Microscopic bits of dust, metal, and unburned fuel. |
| acid rain | This is created when rain falls through polluted air, causing the rain to turn acidic. |
| greenhouse effect | The earth's warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere. |
| global warming | The principle that the earth is getting warmer because humans continue to burn fuels. This causes polar ice to melt, allowing less heat to be reflected back into space. Therefore more heat is absorbed by the oceans. |
| biomagnification | Pollutants, such as the metal mercury, are stored in fat. As predators eat prey, the predators collect more and more pollutants in their body. |
| biodiversity | The mix of different kinds of life in an ecosystem |
| resource | Anything that can be used, such as trees, water, petroleum, etc. |
| conservation | Taking care of the environment. Not using more resources than necessary. |
| indicator species | A species that is very sensitive to changes in the environment. For example, some frogs quickly form deformities when exposed to pollutants. |
| habitat fragmentation | A barrier that blocks organisms from getting to where they need to go. |
| introduced species | Also called invasive species. These are organisms brought to a habitat by humans. They can be a threat to the native habitat. |
| sustainable development | A way of using resources without damaging the environment. |
| biosphere | All life on earth |
| hydrosphere | All water, ice, and water vapor on earth |
| atmosphere | All of the air around the earth |
| geosphere | All of the earth's surface, such as land and the ocean floor. |
| climate | The long term weather in an area. Climate is the weather for about 30 years. |
| adaptation | A feature that allows an organism to survive in a specific climate. For example, the water-holding-frog has adapted to its dry climate by burrowing underground where water will not evaporate from its skin. |
| biome | Areas of the earth that have a similar climate and plantlife. Biomes inclide rain forest, grasslands, deserts, and more. |
| deciduous | The kinds of trees that drop their leaves in the winter. |
| coniferous | The kinds of trees that keep their leaves or needles all year, even in winter. |
| tundra | This biome has a climate of 10-month winters and the ground is always frozen |
| chaparral | This biome has hot, dry summers and cool moist winters. Southern California has this type of biome. |
| abyssal | This is the deepest zone of the ocean. It lies below 2000 meters and is in complete darkness. |
| plankton | Tiny floating organisms that live in the ocean. 70% of the earth's oxygen is created by plankon in the ocean. They are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. |
| estuary | A partially enclosed body of water where rivers flow into the ocean. San Francisco Bay and the Florida Everglades are examples. |
| ecosystem | The living and non-living things in an area that are linked together |
| competition | When two organisms fight for limited resources, such as food, water, or shelter. |
| predator | An animal that captures and feeds on another organism |
| parasite | An organism that lives on or inside another organism and feeds off of it. It eventually kills its host. |
| population density | The number of individual organisms in an area |
| dispersion | The way that a population is spread out in an area. |
| immigration | Moving INTO an area |
| emigration | Moving OUT of an area |
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