| Term | Definition |
| history | recorded events of people |
| prehistory | before history, time before writing was invented |
| archaeologist | scientist who studies objects to learn about past people and cultures |
| oral tradition | stories passed down by word of mouth |
| nomad | people who had no single settled home |
| fertile | soil that contains substances that plants need to grow |
| domesticate | tame animals |
| irrigation | a network or canals to supply land with water from another place |
| surplus | more than you need |
| artisan | workers who specialized in making items such as baskets, leather goods, tools, pottery or cloth |
| civilization | society that has cities, a central government run by officials and workers who specialize in various jobs |
| social class | a group of people that have similar backgrounds, wealth and ways of living |