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functions of the respiratory system 1. air distributor 2. gas exchanger (3. filters, warms, and humidifies the air we breathe) homeostatic mechanism respiratory system, in that it ensures that oxygen is supplied to and carbon dioxide is removed from the body's cells alveoli "single grape" that make up the alveolar sacs diffusion method of gas exchange for the respiratory system mechanisms alveoli uses to diffuse 1. respiratory membrane (thin barrier between blood in capillaries and air in alveoli) 2. quantity (millions of them results in large surface area) upper respiratory tract nose, pharynx, larynx lower respiratory tract trachea, bronchial tree, lungs respiratory mucosa membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the system mucous blanket continuous sheet of mucus that covers the lining of the air distribution tubes; moves upward towards the pharynx via cilia (ciagrette smoke paralyze cilia so mucus is stationary) external nares nostrils nasal septum divides right and left nasal cavities paranasal sinuses 1. frontal 2. maxillary 3. sphenoidal 4. ethmoidal sinusitis sinus infections lacrimal sacs collect tears from corner of each eyelid and drain them into the nasal cavity conchae shelf-like structures that protrude into nasal cavity, increasing surface area pharynx throat 3 parts of pharynx 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx function of pharynx serves as the "hallway" for air and food to pass through on the way to the lungs and stomach auditory (eustachian) tubes right and left tubes that open up into the nasopharynx (connect middle ears with nasopharynx) tonsils masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the pharynx pharyngeal tonsils tonsils located in nasopharynx palatine tonsils tonsils located in oropharynx tonsillectomy removal of tonsils tonsillitis inflammation of tonsils adenoids swollen pharyngeal tonsils that causes difficulty for air to travel from the nose to the throat larynx voice box thyroid cartilage Adam's apple vocal cords two short fibrous bands that stretch across the interior of larynx (tense=high pitched, relaxed=low pitched) glottis space between vocal cords epiglottis cartilage that partially covers the opening of the larynx (FUNCTION: closes off larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering trachea) upper respiratory infection (URI) any infection localized in mucosa of upper respiratory tract rhinitis inflammation of nasal mucosa, accompanied with excessive discharge of mucus (caused by nasal infections, such as the flu) pharyngitis "sore throat"; inflammation/infection of pharynx characteristics: pain, redness, difficulty swallowing laryngitis inflammation of mucous lining of larynx characteristics: edema of vocal cords which causes hoarseness or loss of voice Heimlich maneuver lifesaving technique that can be used to open up windpipe if someone is choking; rescuer grasps victim's waist just below rib cage, makes a fist, and delivers and upward thrust against the diaphragm --> air trapped in lungs is compressed, forcing obstruction out of airway deviated septum condition in which the nasal septum strays from the midline of the nasal cavity, resulting in blockage epistaxis nosebleed trachea windpipe; tube that extends from larynx in neck to bronchi in chest cavity function of trachea furnishes part of the open passageway through which air can reach lungs from the outside primary bronchi trachea's first branches (left bronchus leading into left lung and right bronchus leading into right lung) secondary bronchi divided primary bronchi in each lung bronchioles small passageways that branch from the bronchi alveolar ducts microscopic tubes that are subdivisions of bronchioles (resemble main stem of bunch of grapes) alveolar sacs end of alveolar duct (resembles cluster of grapes) surfactant substance that covers the surface of the respiratory membrane inside the alveolus that helps reduce surface tension in alveoli and keeps them from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration respiratory distress syndrome condition caused by absence/impairment of surfactant in fluid of alveoli (IRDS, or infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs in premature infants) adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) impairment or removal of surfactant in alveoli (caused by inhalation of foreign substances such as water, vomit, etc.) number of lobes in right lung 3 number of lobes in left lung 2 pleura covers the outer surface of lungs and lines inner surface of rib cage (moist and slippery membrane) pleurisy inflammation of parietal pleura, characterizing by difficulty breathing and stabbing pain (caused by constant rubbing back and forth of visceral and parietal pleurae during breathing) atelectasis collapse of the lung pneumothorax presence of air in pleural space on one side of chest hemothorax presence of blood in pleural space pulmonary ventilation breathing; process that moves air in and out of lungs external respiration exchange of gases between air in lungs and blood internal respiration exchange of gases between the blood and cells of body hiccup involuntary, spasmodic contraction of diaphragm lingual tonsils tonsils at the base of tongue 3 kinds of tonsils 1. palatine 2. pharyngeal 3. lingual tracheostomy surgical procedure in which a tube is inserted in the trachea so that a person who has some sort of blockage of airway can breathe apex narrow upper part of each lung base broad lower part of each lung spirometer mechanism to measure volume of air exchanged in breathing tidal volume (TV) amount of air that is either inhaled or exhaled with each breath vital capacity (VC) largest amount of air that can be exhaled in one expiration expiratory reserve volume (ERV) amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration residual volume (RV) air that remain in lungs after the most forceful expiration eupnea normal breathing hyperventilation rapid and deep respirations hypoventilation slow and shallow respirations dyspnea difficult respiration orthopnea dyspnea relief by moving into an upright position Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR) cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation associated with a critical condition respiratory arrest failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea sleep apnea snoring pneumonia acute infection in which lung airways become blocked with thick exudates and fluids (drowning in one's own fluids) tuberculosis (TB) chronic, highly contagious lung infection characterized by tubercles in lungs chronic bronchitis chronic inflammation of bronchial tree; characterized by edema and excessive mucus production emphysema reduced surface area of lungs caused by the rupturing or other damage to alveoli (lungs become less elastic) asthma reoccuring spams of airways accompanied by edema and mucus production lobectomy lobe of lung is removed pneumonectomy entire lung is removed inspiration inhalation expiration exhalation diaphragm dome-shaped muscles separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity; flattens during inspiration external intercostals part of inspiration and expiration; when they contract, they enlarge the thorax by increasing the size of the cavity from front to back and from side to side oxyhemoglobin oxygen+hemoglobin in RBCs; most of O2 does this so that it can be carried to the different tissues and used by the body cells carbaminohemoglobin CO2+hemoglobin maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) amount of oxygen taken up by the lungs, transported to the tissues, and used to work (predictor of a person's capacity to do aerobic exercise) respiratory control centers center of stimulated nerve impulses that control normal respiration; LOCATION: medulla and pons of the brain most important centers in medulla inspiratory and expiratory centers oxygen therapy administration of oxygen by a respiratory therapist to patients suffering from hypoxia hypoxia insufficient oxygen supply to tissues chemoreceptors specialized receptors that are sensitive to increases in blood CO2 level and decreases in blood O2 level; LOCATION: carotid and aortic bodies specialized stretch receptors generates nerve impulses to influence normal breathing pattern and protect the respiratory system from excess stretching; LOCATION: pulmonary airways and alveoli sputum mucus and pus acute bronchitis acute inflammation of bronchi; begins with harmless cough, then deep cough that produces sputum restrictive pulmonary disorders restriction (reduced stress) of alveoli chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progressive, irreversible, obstruction of air flow that may result from a variety of preexisting obstructive disorders