APHG Princeton Review chapter 4 geography
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kendall777 on May 14, 2012
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Space | The geometric surface of the Earth. The physical gap between two objects. |
| Place | An area of bounded space of some human importance. |
| Toponym | A place name. |
| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. A type of place. (urban places, places of work, resource locations, transportation nodes) |
| Sequent Occupancy | The succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history. |
| Map Scale | The ratio of distance on a map and distance in the real world in absolute terms. |
| Level of Aggregation | The level at which you group things together for examination. |
| Formal Region | An area of bounded space that possesses some homogeneous characteristic of uniformity. (a common language, religion, etc.) |
| Linguistic Region | Region in which everyone speaks the same language. |
| Ecotone | The environmental transition zone between two bioregions, or biomes. |
| Functional Region (Nodal Regions) | Area that has a central place or node that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose. (market areas, sports team center) |
| Vernacular Region | Area that is based upon the perception of collective mental map of the region's residents. People believe it to exist as part of their cultural identity. ("Dixie") |
| Absolute Location | Defines a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude. |
| Relative Location | Refers to the location of a place compared to a known place or geographical feature. |
| Lines of Latitude | Measure distance, in degrees, north or south of the equator. |
| Lines of Longitude | Measure distance, in degrees, east or west of the Prime Meridian. |
| Equator | 0° latitude. |
| Prime Meridian | 0° longitude. |
| Site | The physical characteristics of a place. (New York is located on a large, deep water harbor, next to the Atlantic Ocean.) |
| Situation | The place's interrelatedness with other places. |
| Absolute Distance | The straight line of distance between point A and point B. |
| Relative Distance | Distance relative to a specified reference point. |
| Distance Decay | The further away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place. |
| Tobler's Law | States that all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than further ones. |
| Friction of Distance | When the length of distance becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points. |
| Space-Time Compression | Decreased time and relative distance between places. |
| Central Places | Any node of human activity. Most often centers of economic exchange. |
| Central Place Theory | Theory developed by Walter Christaller that says city location and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas. |
| CBD (Central Business District) | The core of the urban landscape. |
| Township and Range | A survey system used by surveyers in the United States and Canada based upon lines of latitude and longitude. |
| Arithmetic Density | The number of things per square unit of distance. |
| Agricultural Density | The number of people per square unit of land actively under cultivation. |
| Physiologic Density | The number of people per square unit of arable land. |
| Hearth | The point of origin or place of innovation. |
| Expansion Diffusion | The pattern originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The pattern originates in a first-order location then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales. |
| Relocation Diffusion | The pattern begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, mountain range, or desert, then relocates on the other side. |
| Contagious Diffusion | The pattern begins at a point of origin and them moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | A general or underlying principle diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas. |
| Topographic Maps | Maps that show the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with road, building, river, and other natural landscape features.(Highly accurate in terms of location and topography.) |
| Thematic Maps | Many different types of maps. Each one expresses a particular subject and does not show land forms for other features. |
| Chloropleth Maps | Maps that express the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations. |
| Isoline Maps | Maps that calculate values between points across a variable surface. |
| Dot Density Maps | Maps that use dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature. |
| Flow-Line Maps | Maps that use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern. |
| Cartograms | Maps that use simplified geometries to represent real-worl places. |
| Mental Map | The cognitive image of landscape in a human mind. |
| Equal-Area Projections | Projection that attempts to maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map. |
| Lambert Projection | Type of Equal-Area Projection. |
| Conformal Projection | Projection that attempts to maintain the shape of polygons on the map. |
| Mercator Projection | Type of Conformal Projection. |
| Robinson Projection | A type of map projection that tries to balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the earth's surface. |
| Goode's Homolosine Projection | A type of map projection that tries to balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the earth's surface. |
| Spatial Model | Model that attempts to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes. |
| Urban Model | Model that tries to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures. |
| Demographic Transition Model | A model that uses population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space. |
| Gravity Model | A mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis. It is used to calculate transportation flow between two points, determine the area of influence of a city's businesses, and estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place. |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | System that incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping. |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | System that utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal. |
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