Bioethics Final Review
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soccergirl14104 on May 14, 2012
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207 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 deductive | may be invalid; sound or unsound |
| inductive | technically always invalid |
| inductive | uses generalizations and inferences |
| deductive | two or more persons are required to drive in the diamond lane. you don't have two or more persons. therefore you may not drive in the diamond lane |
| inductive | involves going from specific cases to a broad or general conclusion |
| inductive | the conclusion is not guaranteed, one can argue against it by finding counterexamples |
| deductive | the conclusion is guaranteed...the premises entail the conclusion so it has to be true |
| inductive | all the tigers observed in a particular region have yellow black stripped, therefore all the tigers native to this region have yellow stripes |
| deductive | everyday i go to work. this journey from my home to my office takes one hour. my office starts at eight o'clock in the morning. so, if I leave my home at seven o'clock in the morning, I will reach my office in time |
| inductive | every time you eat shrimp, you get cramps, therefore you get cramps because you eat shrimp |
| ethics | a branch of philosophy that studies theories and arguments and why the actions are right or wrong or the state of affairs are good or bad |
| argument | the set of premises that help convince us that a conclusion is true |
| generalization | an attempt to identity the common thread or general rule, that explains why an action is right or wrong |
| utilitarianism | actions are judges right or wrong solely by their consequences |
| divine command theory | moral standards depend on god |
| ethical relativism | no principles are universally valid |
| deontology | emphasis is on moral rules and duty |
| virtue ethics | morals are internal |
| no, some laws are legal but not moral. some laws are not moral, but legal | are morality and the law the same thing? |
| some people's moral beliefs differ from what their religion teaches (ex: susie is catholic and pro choice) | are morality and religion the same thing? |
| 3, 4, 2, 1 | put the following statements in a natural flow. if we can prevent something very bad from happening by doing x, and if we can do x without sacrificing something of comparable moral worth, then we have a moral duty to do x. therefore, we have a moral duty to send substantial amounts of money for famine relief. by sending substantial amounts of money for famine relief, we can prevent death by starvation without sacrificing anything of comparable moral worth. death by starvation is a very bad thing |
| Either Elizabeth owns a Honda or she owns a Saturn. Elizabeth does not own a Honda. Therefore, Elizabeth owns a Saturn. | compose a valid and sound argument |
| valid | all teachers are mean, ms. amy is a teacher; therefore, ms. amy is mean |
| valid | all whales are fish, and all fish are cold-blooded; therefore, all whales are cold-blooded |
| invalid | if susie sion is a high school graduate, then susie is a girl. susie is not a sion high school graduate, so she is not a girl |
| invalid | ethics is hard, I don't like to do hard things; therefore, I will not do ethics |
| premise=genetic-harm conclusion=therefore-engineering | underline premise and circle conclusion: genetic engineering is when you manipulate the dna of an organism. when this is done, it is possible that the dna may be damaged and it could cause the organism great harm; therefore, we should take precaution whenever doing genetic engineering |
| premises=transgenic-engineered conclusion=transgenic-crops | underline premise and circle conclusion: transgenic crops are crops that have been genetically engineered. transgenic crops could possibly cause harm to the environment because they are "unnatural: and could end up depleting our "natural" crops. |
| premise=if-trees conclusion=therefore-paper | underline premise and circle conclusion:if we waste paper, we are wasting trees. trees are a valuable resource; therefore, we should not waste paper. |
| premise=genetic-child conclusion=therefore-technology | underline premise and circle conclusion: genetic screening is a way to identify is a child has a genetic disease before they are born. being able to tell if a child has a disease will allow the parents to best prepare for their new child. therefore, genetic screening is a beneficial technology. |
| incorrect, use natural order (therefore, cloning is morally wrong) | correct or incorrect? cloning reduces individuality. cloning is the process where an organisms' dna can be replicates and turned into a new organism. therefore, cloning is morally wrong. reducing individuality is morally wrong. |
| incorrect, using a premise that isn't general (feral) | correct or incorrect? using snare traps to kill the feral pigs will hurt them. so it is wrong to use snare traps to kill feral pigs. |
| incorrect, use consistent terms (transgenics) | correct or incorrect? genetic engineering is the process in which an organisms' genetic material is manipulated in some way. gene manipulation can be a very dangerous process. when we transfer genes between species, we may cause damage that cannot be repaired. transgenics is therefore not a good thing. |
| incorrect use reliable premise (first sentence) | correct or incorrect? we will never have too our our math skills in the real world, not even simple addition. therefore, i will not even attempt to learn math...its pointless. |
| invalid, unsound | some cats are mammals, all mammals are warm-blooded; therefore, all cats are warm-blooded |
| valid, unsound | all roses are red, my boyfriend gave me a rose; so my boyfriend must have given me a red rose |
| valid, sound | all cats are mammals, all mammals are warm-blooded;therefore, cats are warm-blooded |
| false 22 | twenty three chromosome pairs in a human karyotype are similar in size and shape. in a human male |
| true | in a human karyotype, forty-four of the chromosomes are autosomes |
| False; Sperm | In humans, the mother determines the sex of the offspring. |
| False; Diploid number is 32 | f an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organism's diploid number is 8. |
| n | The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol |
| xxx | Which of the following combination's of sex chromosomes represents a female? |
| meiosis | Gametes are produced by the process of |
| Only during cell division (Mitosis) | When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? |
| Haploid cells | Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of |
| Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell's DNA. | Which of the following happens when a cell divides? |
| 46 | How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? |
| 6 | If an organism's diploid number is 12, its haploid number is |
| 4 chromosomes | During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing |
| replication | DNA is copied during a process called |
| one x chromosome | Human females produce egg cells that have |
| GATCCA | During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases |
| one allele for each gene | Gametes have |
| is located in the nucleus | in eukaryote's, dna |
| adenine molecules in dna is about equal to the percentage of thymine molecules | because of base pairing in dna, the percentage of |
| one x chromosome and one y chromosome | in humans a male has |
| each with one new strand and one original strand | dna replication results in two dna molecules |
| double helix | The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a ____, in which two strands are wound around each other. |
| alleles | The different forms of a gene are called |
| half | An organism's gametes have ____ the number of chromosomes found in the organism's body cells. |
| 2 sets | How many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell? |
| if we didn't have meiosis the chromosomes would double each time | Explain what the effect would be if the gametes of a species had the same number of chromosomes as the species' body cells. |
| the chromosomes go from 46 diploid to haploid and are reduced by half | What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis? |
| chromosomes with the same size, shape, and location, but have different alleles | Define homologous chromosomes. |
| false | T/F:During DNA replication, only one strand of DNA serves as template |
| false | T/F:Genes determine a person's eye color by coding for nitrogenous bases that affect eye color. |
| false | T/F:If a nucleic acid contains uracil, it is DNA |
| false | T/F:A codon consists of four nucleotides. |
| true | T/F:DNA codes for DNA polymerase. |
| false | T/F:The anticodon AGA is complentary to the codon TCT. |
| true | T/F: Frameshift mutations cause greater damage to proteins than other types of mutations. |
| true | T/F: Insertions and substitutions usually cause frameshift mutations |
| true | T/F: The human genome project determined the nucleotide sequence for all three billion base pairs in the human genome |
| false | T/F: Before the human genome project, it was thought that there were only 30,000 genes in the human genome; now because of the HGP we know that there are over 100,000 genes |
| proteins | Genes contain instructions for assembling |
| ribose | RNA contains the sugar |
| uracil | Unlike DNA, RNA contains |
| 3 | How many main types of RNA are there? |
| phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine | Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA |
| Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA | Which type(s) of RNA is (are) involved in protein synthesis? |
| rna molecules | What is produced during transcription? |
| 3 | How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? |
| The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. | What happens during the process of translation? |
| amino acids | The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of___ in proteins. |
| anticodon | The ____ of a tRNA molecule determines the type of amino acid that bonds with tRNA. |
| mutation | A change in a DNA seqence is called |
| a substitution | A DNA nucleotide sequence has changed from GACCTTCG to GACGTTCG which type of mutation has occurred? |
| an insertion | A DNA sequence has changed from ACGCGA to ACCGCGA, which type of mutation has occurred? |
| frameshift | A mutation that causes all of the amino acids after the mutation to change is called a |
| one | How many amino acids will change from a typical subsitution mutation? |
| denaturation | A change in the natural conformation of a protein due to changes in temperature or pH is called? |
| conformation | The shape of a protein is called its |
| amino acid sequence | The primary structure of a protein is its |
| exons | The coding segments of a gene are called |
| amino acid sequence | A proteins conformation is determined by its |
| False; same not different | The fact that human genes inserted into bacteria produce proteins shows that the basic mechanisms of gene expression are different in bacteria and humans |
| False; Survive | Bacterial cells that have been transformed with a plasmid that carries a genetic marker for resistence to the antibiotic tetracycline will not survive in a culture treated with tetracycline. |
| False; same not different | To produce a recombinant plasmid, the plasmid and the foreign DNA are cute with a different restriction enzyme. |
| true | Scientists use genetic markers to determine which cells have been successfully transformed |
| transformed bacterium | Which of the following includes all the others? |
| produce a natural insecticide | bt crops have an additional gene that allows them to |
| genetic marker | A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid containing foreign DNA from those that dont is called a (an) |
| a bacterium takes in a plasmid | During transformation, |
| a gene for round-up resistance | round up ready crops contain |
| Genetic Engineering | The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms is called |
| bacteria | plasmids are naturally found in some |
| protein | A transgenic organism that has extra copies of a gene produces more of the___ that is coded for by that gene. |
| Bacteria reproduce to create many offspring that will also produce insulin | Why do transgenic bacteria that have the gene for human insulin produce insulin in great abundance? |
| Germline gene therapy (or germline engineering) | Attempts to correct genetic defects in the sperm, the egg, or a very early embryo would be classified as |
| transformation | A recombinant plasmid gets inside a bacterial cell by |
| genetic engineering | What kind of techniques do scientists use to make transgenic organisms? |
| Contain genes from a foreign species, are genetically engineered, have recombinant DNA | Transgenic animals are animals that |
| A transgenic plant, a goat that produces human proteins, a cow with recombinant dna | Which of the following is a GMO |
| The effects are multigenerational and it could alter human evolution | Many ethicist argue that gemline genetic modifications may be more ethically problematic than other forms of genetic modification because |
| Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts. | What is adavantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins? |
| Recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as |
| All organisms use genes in the same way, gene expression is the same in all organisms, the same insulin gene is found in both humans and transgenic bacteria | Why does the human insulin gene produce the same protein in humans and in transgenic bacteria? |
| The penecillin will kill the bacteria that were transformed. | Suppose bacterial culture were mixed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin.Which of the following statements is NOT true? |
| a type of bacteria | bt crops contain a gene from |
| a gene for antibiotic resistance | which of the following is often used as a genetic marker in plasmids |
| a virus | Which of the following is most commonly used as a vector in gene therapy |
| germline genetic engineering | Which of the following could be seen as a possible eugenics movement? |
| gene therapy | the introduction of healthy, therapeutic genes in attempts to correct a genetic disease or disorder is |
| spider milk | transgenic goats have been produced that have the ability to produce |
| Somatic cell gene therapy | A SCIDS (severe combined immunodeficiency disorder) patient has recently made a decision to participate in a clinical research trial in which he will receive a therapeutic gene in attemps to regain immune funtion. This is an example of |
| 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 | put the following events in order: dna ligase seals sticky ends (seals sugar phosphate backbone of recombinant plasmid). restriction enzyme is used to cut out the human insulin gene & to cut open plasmid. sticky ends are attracted to one another, nitrogen bases of sticky ends form H bonds. isolate the insulin. asexual reproduction. transformation occurs |
| GMO | genetically modified organism |
| PGD | pre-implanation genetic diagnosis |
| gamete | sperm & egg; haploid sex cells |
| diploid | having a 2 full sets of chromosomes; contains homologous pairs of chromosomes. In humans 2N = 46 |
| haploid | having half the number of chromosomes of the diploid, somatic cells. In humans N = 23 |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus (eukaryotes only); contains the genetic material (DNA) that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. |
| autosome | chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| mutation | change in a DNA sequence. Could be inherited from parents DNA (for examle, a mutated gene that causes a genetic disease) or caused by chemicals known as mutagens (found in pollution, cigarette smoke, etc.) or could be a result of errors in DNA replication. |
| genome | the sum total of all of the genes in a given species. |
| enzyme | a type of protein whose function is to control chemical reactions in the body. |
| amino acid | one of 20 naturally occuring molecules which are put together in a specific order to make a specific protein. The order of this in a protein determines the shape the protein will take, the proteins shape determine what function the protein will have. A mishaped protein will not function (main cause of genetic disease). |
| protein | a type of macromolecule that has several functions in the body (see notes), are made of amino acids strung together in a specific order which is specified by DNA. |
| gene | the basic physical unit of hereditary |
| karyotype | the chromosomes of a cell |
| sex chromosome | a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual |
| meiosis | coverts diploid cells into haploids; occurs in the ovaries and testes |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| recombinant | new combinations of genetic material |
| gene locus | the specific place on the chromosome where the gene is located |
| somatic cell | a diploid body cell (any cell in the body except a gamete) |
| eugenics | study or belief of improving the qualities of human species or human population |
| transformation | occurs when bacteria exchange plasmids |
| antibiotic selection | scientists use antibiotic resistance genes as genetic makers to identify which bacteria were transformed |
| bt crops | gene from soil bacterium; insect resistance |
| genetic marker | gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't |
| restriction enzyme | DNA scissors; cut DNA at specific sites known as recognition sequences |
| round-up ready crops | a gene for round up resistance |
| plasmid | a segment of DNA independent of the chromosomes and capable of replication |
| sticky ends | a single stranded end of DNA or RNA having a nucleotide base sequence complementary to that of another strand |
| biotechnology | the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products |
| genetic engineering | the artificial manipulation of genes, or the transfer of genes from one organism to another |
| gene therapy | attempts to correct a disease or disorder |
| gene enhancement | attempts to improve a healthy individual |
| germ line engineering | altering the genetic make up of specific types of somatic cells within an individual |
| transgenic organism | containing a gene from a different species |
| homologous | having the same or similar relations |
| allele | forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation |
| fertilization | The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
| bacteria | one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains |
| somatic cell engineering | changes in these cells *does not affect sperm or egg **Difficult to change phenotype |
| IVF | process in which embryos are created outside of the womb by combining sperm and egg in a petri dish. |
| blood stem cell (found in the bone marrow) | one of the most common examples of an adult stem cell is the |
| therapeutic cloning, IVF, IPS cells | pluripotetnt steam cells that are used in scientific research may come from which sources |
| nuclear, transfer, surrogate mother, reproductive | reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning are both done using a technique known as______, the only difference is a ______ is necessary for______cloning |
| 46 | In humans, how many chromosomes are found in a somatic cell? |
| The source of her DNA was a single body cell | Why is Dolly a clone? |
| embryo | During the first eight weeks of human embryological development (but after attachment to the uterus), the offspring is referred to as |
| IVF | What is the name of the process in which embryos are created outside of the womb by combining egg and sperm samples in a petri dish? |
| Raelian | ____ is a religion that believes that cloning is a way to eternal life. |
| zygote | The scientific term meaning a fertilized egg; the first stage in human embryological development |
| multipotent and found in all adults and children in various locations throughout the body | Adult stem cells are |
| creating stem cells for tissue regeneration | What is the main advantage of therapeutic cloning? |
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer | What is SCNT an abbreviation for? |
| Somatic cell, specialized cells, and differentiated cells | Skin cells, kidney cells, and lung cells are all examples of |
| fetus | After the eighth week of development, the offspring is reffered to as a |
| Body cell and egg cell | What kind of cell or cells were used to make Dolly? |
| A diploid nucleus and an egg | Which of the following is necessary for therapeutic cloning? |
| having no nuclei | The term enucleated means |
| Discarding embryos, donating the embryos to research, and putting the embryos up for adoption | A couple with left over embyros created through in-vitro fertilization has the choice(s) of |
| The clone would have 3 sets of chromosomes | Why must the nucleus of the egg be removed before being used in cloning? |
| totipotent | Early embryonic stem cells from the zygote to the 8-cell stage are |
| Trophoblast, pluripotent stem cells, inner cell mass | Which of the following could be found as part of the blastocyst? |
| somatic cell nuclear transfer | The most common technique or method used for cloning is called |
| egg and sperm | Which of the following cells would be considered haploid |
| surrogate mother | A_____is used to carry a child that is not genetically hers |
| somatic cell and zygote | Which of the following cells would be considered diploid |
| Brown | The diploid nucleus of a brown cow is put into the enucleated egg of a black cow, the offspring produced will look |
| multipotent | stem cells derived from fetal tissue are |
| Embryonic Stem Cells | In 2001, President Bush restricted federal funding for |
| The clone must be a female | In bioethics class one day, the students decided to clone their females classmate Suzie. What must be true about this clone? |
| 23 | In humans, how many chromosomes are found in the gametes |
| differentiation | which of the following is not a type of cloning? |
| multipotent | Can become only a few types of cells |
| haploid | Having half the number of chromosomes or one complete set of chromosomes |
| specialized | A cell that has a particular funtion in the body |
| stem cell | An undifferential cell from which specialized cells develop |
| diploid | Having 2 full sets of chromosomes |
| differentiation | The process in which kidney cells, lung cells, skin cells, and others are formed |
| totipotent | Can become any type of cell |
| pluripotent | Can become most types of cells |
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