Ch 2 Chemistry
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Created by:
DrDavila Plus on May 14, 2012
Subjects:
BIO101: Human Anatomy & Physiology
Classes:
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 matter | anything that has mass (weight) and takes up space; made of atoms; 3 familiar forms: solid, liquid, gas; |
| energy | ability to put matter into motion (aka produce work); using energy releases heat |
| atom | smallest part of element that has the same chemical properties (ex, properties of rock, metal, etc.); made of nucleus & electron cloud; contains 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons |
| nucleus | central portion of atom where protons and neutrons are found |
| electron cloud | region around atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle found in nucleus; (p+); change the number of protons, change the element |
| neutron | uncharged subatomic particle found in nucleus; (n0); change the number of neutrons, get a radioactive isotope |
| nucleus | atom's central region, made up of protons and neutrons |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle found in electron cloud around nucleus; (e-); change the number of electrons, get an ion |
| isotope | atom with extra neutron(s); are radioactive |
| ion | atom with positive or negative charge because it lost or gained electron(s), respectively |
| element | substance made of one kind of atom, all with same number of protons |
| molecule | 2 or more atoms held together chemical bonds (ex, O2, H2, CH2O) |
| compound | 2 or more different kinds of atoms held together with chemical bonds (ex, H2O, CH2O); all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds |
| organic molecule | molecule containg carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO); usually comes from living creatures |
| inorganic molecule | any molecule NOT containg all 3 atoms, CHO; |
| carbohydrate | "sugars"; used for energy; eg, glucose, polysaccharides |
| glucose | simple sugar body uses for energy |
| lipid | fats or oils; used for cell membranes and energy storage |
| triglyceride | storage form of fat |
| phospholipid | makes up cell membranes |
| cholesterol | stiffening fat; mostly found in more "complicated" animals (eg, much more in pork than in fish) |
| steroid | fatty hormone (signal in blood) |
| protein | long chain of amino acids; most abundant organic molecule; performs most all functions within cells and body |
| amino acid | one of 20 chemicals used to make proteins |
| enzyme | specialized proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions by lowering activation energy; "proteins with a job" |
| activation energy | amount of energy needed to start a reaction |
| nucleic acid | information-storing molecules found in cell nucleus |
| DNA | double-stranded string of nucleic acids; stores all information encoding for all cell proteins; "cell cookbook" |
| chromosome | coiled coil of DNA; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (1 set from each parent) |
| gene | short stretch of DNA encoding for a single protein; a single "recipe" for a protein |
| RNA | single-stranded string of nucleic acid, copied form DNA |
| messenger RNA | RNA copy of a gene; used as a template to create a protein; aka mRNA |
| transfer RNA | RNA used to carry amino acids to the mRNA to help form a protein; aka tRNA |
| ribosomal RNA | RNA machinery that makes proteins from mRNA and amino acids carried by tRNA; aka rRNA |
| electrolyte | inorganic molecule that ionizes (or dissociates) in water, and then conducts an electrical charge; all salts are electrolytes |
| ATP | main energy source cells use for energy (work); aka adenosine triphosphate |
| water compartment | body fluids divided into 2 main compartments: intracellular and extracellular fluid |
| intracellular fluid | fluid inside cells; aka ICF |
| extracellular fluid | fluid outside cells; mostly in interstitial fluid, blood plasma, or lymph; aka ECF |
| interstitial fluid | fluid found between cells; aka extracellular fluid |
| cellular respiration | process that harvests energy by breaking down glucose (and other food molecules) in the presence of oxygen; "burning glucose with O2 to make ATP" |
| normal blood pH | 7.4 (7.35-7.45) |
| alkalotic blood | >7.45; blood is too basic; aka alkalosis |
| acidotic blood | <7.35; blood is too acidic; aka acidosis |
| 3 chemical bonds | covalent, ionic, hydrogen |
| covalent bond | chemical bond in which 2 or more atoms share electrons |
| ionic bond | chemical bond in which an atom "steals" 1 or more electron(s) from another atom, thus giving them each an electrical charge; oppisitely charged atoms are electrically attracted, forming the ionic bond |
| hydrogen bond | weakest chemical bond from alignment of positively-charged sides of a polar molecule (eg, water) with the negatively-charged side of another polar molecule |
| important ions | Na+, K+, Cl- Ca++, Fe++, HCO3- (bicarbonate) HPO4- - (biphosphate has 2 extra electrons) SO4- - (sulfate) |
| metabolism | all chemical reactions in the body; includes anabolism & catabolism |
| decomposition | breaks molecule into smaller pieces; aka catabolism; AB → A + B releases energy |
| synthesis | assembles smaller pieces into larger ones; aka anabolism; A + B → AB requires energy to perform reaction |
| exchange | shuffles pieces between molecules; involves both decomposition and synthesis; AB + CD → ...→ AC + BD |
| reversible reaction | reaction that occurs simultaneously in both directions AB ↔ A + B |
| equilibrium | (chem.) when both reactions in a reversible reaction occur at the same rate |
| organic compound | compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO); MUST contain all 3; usually found in living things |
| inorganic compound | any compound that does not contain CHO-all 3 |
| nutrient | essential elements and molecules from diet; require both organic and inorganic |
| metabolite | molecule built up or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body; may be inorganic |
| pH | correlated to concentration of H+ in a solution; OH- = hydroxide ions, base, alkaline; acid-base scale |
| acid | solution with elevated hydrogen ions (aka H+ or "protons"); pH 0<7 sometimes called "H+ donor" |
| base | solution with low hydrogen ions, but higher hydroxide ions (aka OH-); pH 7<14 aka alkaline solution that absorbs H+; |
| neutral pH | a balance of H+ & OH- (hydrogen & hydroxide in balance); pure H20 {H+ + OH- → H20} |
| buffer | ion that resists changes in pH; usually weak acids/salts |
| salt | ionic compound not containing H+ or OH-; salts are electrolytes and dissociate in water |
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