Microbiology- Exam #3
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84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Antifungals | -Nystatin -Griseofulvin -Amphotericin B -Miconazole (very common- used in Micatin & Monistat) |
| Antivirals | -Attack replication cycle -Acyclovir -Azidothymidine (AZT) |
| Infection | Relationship between host & parsite, and the ensuing struggle for supremacy -If host loses = disease |
| Normal Flora | Infection that does NOT cause disease -It is a symbiotic association (Mutualism, Commensalism; Thus, no harm to the host) |
| Pathogenicity | Ability of a parasite to enter host tissue and/or cells --> physiological change --> disease |
| Opportunist | Organism that is normally a commesal -Due to circumstances that debilitate host defenses, organism invades & causes disease |
| Virulence | Degree of pathogenicity |
| Stages of Disease | 1.) Incubation Period 2.) Prodromal Period 3.) Period of Acme 4.) Period of Decline 5.) Period of Convalescence |
| Organism Establishes Infection: | 1.) Travel to an area where it can divide 2.) Has to find a way around the immune response |
| Period of Incubation | -No signs or symptoms -Amount of time that elapses between entry of organism & appearance of symptoms |
| Period of Prodomal Symptoms | -Mild signs or symptoms -Period characterized by general symptoms, i.e. nausea, fever, etc. |
| Period of Acme | -Most severe signs of symptoms -Acute stage of disease, characterized by specific symptoms, i.e. skin rash, jaundice, etc. |
| Period of Decline | -Signs & symptoms -Symptoms begin to subside -May be preceded by "crisis" period, then rapid recovery |
| Period of Convalescence | Important due to carrier status |
| Modes of Transmission | 1.) Direct contact 2.) Indirect contact |
| Direct Contact | Close or personal contact with individual who has disease, shaking hands, kissing, etc. |
| Indirect Contact | By consumption of contaminated food or water, contact with fomites (contaminated inanimate objects, i.e. towels) |
| Vectors | Organisms carry pass disease agents from one host to another, i.e. arthropods |
| Communicable | Diseases that can be passed from host to host |
| Contagious | Passed easily |
| Non-Communicable | Singular events whereby agent is acquired directly from environment, and NOT transmitted to a new host |
| Outbreak of Disease | 1.) Endemic 2.) Epidemic 3.) Pandemic |
| Endemic | Disease occurs at a low level in a certain geographic area |
| Epidemic | Outbreak of disease in great numbers within a population |
| Pandemic | Worldwide outbreak of disease |
| Acute Disease | Disease develops rapidly with severe symptoms, then fades quickly |
| Chronic Disease | -Disease develops slowly -No real crisis is reached -Convalescence may last for months |
| Bacteremia | Presence of bacteria in bloodstream |
| Septicemia | Bacterium in bloodstream is the cause of the disease |
| Portal of Entry | Site at which pathogenic organism enters host |
| Infectious Dose | Number of pathogens that must enter host to establish disease |
| Invasiveness | Ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues of the host |
| Virulence Factors | -Substances or structures that allow a pathogen to generate disease in the host 1.) Enzymes 2.) Toxins 3.) Capsules |
| Enzymes | -Coagulase -Streptokinase -Hyaluronidase - Leukocidins & Hemolysins |
| Coagulase | Clot fibrinogen proteins around organism |
| Streptokinase | Dissolves clots |
| Hyaluronidase | Digest hyaluronic acid (ground substance of tissue) |
| Leukocidins & Hemolysins | -Destroy blood cells -Hemolysin -Hemolysis |
| Hemolysin | Enzyme that produces lysis |
| Hemolysis | Actual rupture of red blood cells |
| Toxins | -Exotoxin -Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins | -Produced by Gram +'s -Released from cell -Very specific effects |
| Endotoxins | -Part of Gram - cell wall -Released only when cell disintegrates |
| Natural Defense Mechanisms | 1.) Skin 2.) Mucous membranes 3.) Ciliated epithelium 4.) Various enzymes 5.) Other proteins 6.) pH 7.) Inflammatory response 8.) Phagocytosis |
| Skin | -Desquamation -Sweat, sebaceous secretions |
| Mucous Membranes | Mucus |
| Various Enzymes | -Proteolytic enzymes -Lysozyme |
| Other Proteins | -Complement system -Interferon |
| pH | -Fatty acids -Stomach |
| Inflammatory Response | 1.) Capillary Dilation 2.) Cells escape capillary bed -Edema (Fluid escape= swelling) -Redness (RBC's escaping) 1.) Neutrophil 2.) Macrophage 3.) Lymphocytes |
| Chemotaxis | Movement along a chemical gradient |
| Phagocytosis | -Neutrophil- blood -Macrophage- tissues |
| Defenses | 1.) Non-specific 2.) Specific |
| Non-Specific | Innate |
| Specific | -Generated to respond to a particular parasite -Directed solely at that parasite -Expandable -"Memory" |
| Antigen (Aspect of Specific Responses) | Foreign substance that stimulates the generation of an immune response, "Non-Self vs. Self" |
| Lymphatic System | Second circulatory system |
| Circulatory & Lymphatic Meet At: | Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct (Dumps back into blood) |
| Cells of Immunity | 1.) Lymphocytes 2.) Macrophages |
| Lymphocytes | -Have very specific surface receptors for antigen -All look alike, but actually 2 major types |
| T-lymphocytes (T-cells) | Develop in thymus |
| B-lymphocyte (B-cells) | Develop in Bone Marrow compartment |
| Macrophages | -Found in tissues & organs -Plays major role in immunity -Phagocytose antigen -Degrade it ("processed antigen") -Redisplay processed antigen on surface -Transport processed antigen to lymphoid tissue where T- and B-cells are waiting |
| Endocytosis | Taking things in |
| Exocytosis | Releasing material to the outside |
| Phagosome & Lysosome | Phagolysosome (Phagocytosis) |
| Two Divisions of Immune Response: | 1.) Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral) 2.) Cell-Mediated Immunity |
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral) | Defense processes that are mediated by antibodies |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | Defense mechanisms that are mediated by T-cells and: -Eukaryotic Pathogen -"Antigen-marked" cell i.e. cell modified by viral infection, cancer or mutation -Foreign transplants -Delayed-type hypersensitivity |
| TH Cell | T helper cell (CD4+ cell) -Chief regulatory cell of immune response |
| TC Cell | T cytotoxic cell (CD8+ cell) -Precursor to the CTL "killer" cell |
| CTL- Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte | The end-stage cell that has the ability to actively destory non-self cells |
| B Cell | Line of lymphocytes that produce antibodies -End-stage cell= plasma cell |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex | A cassette of genes that controls all of adaptive immunity |
| MHC I | Genes that control ability to generate cell-mediated functions |
| MHC II | Genes that control the activation of TH cells |
| MHC III | Genes that are involved in the production of components of the complement system |
| Interleukins | Small peptides that allow immune cells to communicate with each other |
| Five Classes of Antibodies | 1.) IgM 2.) IgG 3.) IgA 4.) IgE 5.) IgD |
| IgM | -First to appear following stimulation -Very large pentameter |
| IgG | -Longest lasting -Most abundant -Principle antibody in "memory" response -Only class to cross placenta = passive immunity |
| IgA | -Serum IgA - monomer in blood -Secretory IgA- polymer in secretions -GI tract -Respiratory tree -Passive transfer in mother's milk -Colostrum |
| IgE | Major role in dangerous allergic reactions |
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