| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Tendons | transmits forces from muscle to bone; stronger than muscle, can withstand high tensile loads |
| Ligaments | connects bone to bone; consists of dense fibrous tissues (tightly packed collagen); typically poorer healing than bone |
| 3 types of ligaments | capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular |
| Strains | damage to tendons or muscle |
| First degree sprain | localized joint pain and tenderness, but no joint laxity |
| Second degree sprain | detectable joint laxity plus localized pain and tenderness |
| Third degree sprain | complete disruption of ligaments and gross joint instability |
| Cartilage | resilient, semi-rigid connective tissue; no blood supply or nerves (some exceptions); nourished by fluid within joint (diffusion) |
| Functions of Cartilage | increases joint stability, distributes load to underlying bone, reduces contact stress, allows almost frictionless movement |
| Functions of Fibrocartilage | improve fit between bones, intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other connective tissues |
| Articular cartilage | also called "hyaline" ; covers joint ends at articulations; 60-80% water; contains collagen and proteoglycan |
| Joint | junction or pivot point between bones; major function= motion |
| 3 characteristics of joints | weight bearing, shock absorption, stability-mobility tradeoff |
| Compound joint | consists of 3 or more bones |
| Simple joint | consists of 2 bones |
| Functional joint | joints with no soft tissue connection (ex: scapula and underlying ribs) |
| Joints with cavities | synovial |
| Joints without cavities | fibrous and cartilaginous |
| Synarthrotic (fibrous) | little or no movement |
| Amphiarthrotic (cartilaginous) | moderate or little movement |
| Diarthrotic (synovial) | freely moveable |
| Plane joint (Diarthrosis) | 2 flat surfaces come together, can only slide and glide upon each other (ex: carpals) |
| 2 uniaxial joints (diarthrosis) | hinge joints and pivot joints |
| Hinge joints | convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension (ex: humeroulnar joint) |
| Pivot joints | peg or tube and ring |
| Joints with 2 degrees of freedom | biaxial joints |
| Condyloid joint (biaxial) | oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into a reciprocal or concave surface, permits flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction |
| Saddle joints (biaxial) | modification of condyloid, both surfaces are convex and concave, permits flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction |
| Triaxial joints | also called ball and socket joints, has 3 degrees of freedom (moves in all planes and axes), head of one bone fits into the cup of another |
| 3 fibrous joints | syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis |
| Syndesmosis joints | in forearm between ulna and radius, allows for attachment points of muscle onto membrane to give good mechanical advantage for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction |
| Suture joints | joints in the skull |
| Gomphosis joints | in the teeth |
| Emerson's Law | "For everything that is given, something is taken." |
| Factors responsible for stability (3) | shape of bones, ligament/joint capsule, muscle |
| Dislocation | bones are not articulating anymore |
| Subluxation | less than a dislocation |
| Factors affecting range of motion | shape of articular surfaces, restraining effect of ligaments, muscles and tendons |
Combine with other sets
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