Elliott History Final
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Created by:
ahammerman on May 15, 2012
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Description:
8th Grade Elliott Final ALL TERMS
Classes:
2016 Study Group, SJS 2016 PUBLIC
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110 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Narmer/Menes | first pharaoh, united upper and lower Egypt |
| Djoser | pharaoh who built the stepped pyramid by adding more layers to a mastabah, architect Imhotep |
| Khufu | Egyptian pharaoh who built the first and largest Great Pyramid at Giza |
| Mentuhotep II | powerful pharaoh that took back power from the nomarchs, united Egypt and began the Middle Kingdom |
| Ahmose I | founder of New Kingdom who drove out Hyksos |
| Hatshepsut | female pharaoh, dispatched a naval expedition to Punt, after her death, attempted to erase her from history |
| Thutmose III | stepson of Hatshepsut, considered the greatest pharoah of the New Kingdom of Egypt, military expert, expanded empire to include Syria and Nubia |
| Akhenaten | pharaoh who built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk |
| Ramses II | known as greatest pharaoh ever, ruled for 67 years, created treaty with Hittites after Battle at Qadesh (first treaty in history), establish ownership borders of Isreal, largest tomb, had over 100 children |
| Ka and Ba | what Egyptians believe to be the soul and spirit |
| Ma'at | the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head, must be kept by pharaohs to have good afterlife |
| nomarch | a governor that was head of each region and was responsible to the king and vizier during the Old Kingdom |
| Amun-Ra | combination of the Thebes creator god and the Memphis sun god during the New Kingdom |
| Osiris | Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead, father of Horus and Seth |
| Horus | Egyptian falcon-headed solar god, son of Osiris, pharaoh is reincarnation of him |
| Aten | sun disk worshipped by Akhenaten during Amarna Period |
| Imhotep | architect for Djoser who designed first stepped pyramid |
| Hyksos | a group of nomadic invaders from southwest asia who caused the collapse of the Middle Kingdom |
| Sea People | aggresive raiders from the Mediterranean who caused the collapse of the New Kingdom |
| upper egypt | southern part of egypt, closer to source of Nile |
| lower egypt | northern part of egypt, closer to Nile delta |
| redistributive economy | a system in which state officials control the production and giving out of goods |
| theories of pyramid construction | crane theory, internal ramp theory, external ramp theory, and "alien" theory |
| mummification process | removes all the organs, removes the brain through the nose, dries the body with salt and wraps in gauze |
| Amarna Period | when Akhenaten was pharaoh, artistic style was realistic and showed sloping fore-heads and pot-bellies, and worshipped sun disk |
| Harappa | a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan |
| Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern, had a complex irrigation and sewer system, one of the first settlements in India |
| decimal system | first invented in India, a way to make numbers more specific |
| Aryans | lighter-skinned nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system |
| Sanskrit | an Indo-European writing system developed by the Aryans |
| vedas | ancient Sanskrit writings and stories that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism |
| Hinduism | the primary religion in India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and strict caste systems |
| castes (varna) | the four classes of people in the social system of Hinduism, Brahman, priests, Kshatriya, warriors or nobles, Vaishya, craftspeople and mechants, and the bulk of the society, Shudra, servants |
| Mahabharata | a vast epic recounting the events leading up to a battle between related kinship groups in early India, includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature |
| Ramayana | one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne |
| karma | the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation |
| dharma | in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste, "the law" |
| samsara | the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth that can only be ended by achieving moksha |
| moksha | the Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths |
| Brahman | the highest level of the caste system, the priestly or sacerdotal category, only level than can achieve moksha in Hinduism |
| Brahma | Hindu creator god |
| Vishnu | Hindu preserver god, has had many earthly incarnations, including Krishna from Baghavad Gita |
| Shiva | Hindu god of destruction |
| Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism, born a prince, left his father's wealth to find the cause of human sufferin, also known as Buddha |
| Three Universal Truths | 1. nothing is permanant 2. life is unsatisfactory 3. no eternal soul |
| Four Noble Truths | 1. all life is suffering 2. suffering is caused by attachment 3. to end suffering, end attachment 4. to end attachment, follow the Eightfold Path |
| Eightfold Path | right views, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right awareness, and right contemplation, seen as the "Middle Way", way to end attachment |
| guru | a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher (not sage) |
| nirvana | in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment |
| meditation | the act of deep thinking or reflection |
| mantra | a commonly repeated word or phrase |
| koan | a Zen Buddhist riddle that has no solution |
| Tripitaka | the "Three Baskets" for Therevada Buddhism, Buddha's teachings, commentary on the teachings, and rules for monks |
| Therevada | Buddhism of southern asia, smaller sect, believed buddha is spiritual leader, not god, older type, strict rules for monks to follow |
| Mahayana | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone, found mainly in middle-northern China, less strict than Therevada |
| Amida Buddha | bodhisattva whom the Pure Land Buddhists believe created land in west that if you call name at death, you can go to easily attain nirvana |
| bodhisattva | Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others |
| Zen | school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith, developed koans and practice meditation, found in east China and Japan |
| Vajrayana (Tibetan) | Buddhism branch where leader of government is also spritual leader, or dalai lama, developed in Tibet |
| lamas | Tibetan buddhist monks, highest ranking leaders in government and in spiritual community |
| Jainism | a religion that branched off from Hinduism, believes that everything has a soul, many leaders joined religion at old age, some were extreme aesthetics |
| Mauryan Empire | the first empire to unify all of India, was founded by Chandragupta, granfather of Asoka |
| ahimsa | nonviolence |
| Asoka | grandson of Chandragupta, fought bloody battle for Kalinga with 100,000 deaths, afterwards ,becomes most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all, was buddhist but accepted other religions |
| edict | a formal or authoritative proclamation |
| rice paddy culture | a way in life in China where citizens all live in a valley and farm on one crop marsh, follows consensus form of government |
| consensus government | type of government used in asia where everyone goes with the widely accepted decision on ways of life for survival of self and village, used in rice paddy culture |
| Yellow River | a major river of Asia in northern China, second longest river, water is dirty |
| Yangtze River | the longest river of Asia, south of Yellow River |
| Shang Dynasty | first historically supported dynasty, capital at Anyang, known for bronzes and oracle bones |
| bronze | used to make very intricate furniture by Shang |
| oracle bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future by Shang |
| Anyang | capital of Shang Dynasty |
| Zhou Dynasty | displaced Shang Dynasty, feudal system, invoked the "Mandate of Heaven", Mandarin Chinese language, Confucius, fell into "Warring States" period |
| feudalism | a political and social system where nobles offer protection and land in return for service, goes king or emperor to lords to knights to serfs |
| Warring States | period where the feudal states of the Zhou Dynasty broke down into fighting for capital |
| Hundred Schools of Thought | period at beginning of Warring States in which many scholars had influence over China, included Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism |
| Yin and Yang | in Chinese thought, primarily Taoist, the two balanced powers that govern the natural rhythms of life |
| I Ching | a Chinese book of oracles, consulted to answer ethical and practical problems |
| divination | foretelling the future by means of magic |
| Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from the gods, who were their ancestors |
| Confucianism | system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Kong Fu Tze and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, five relationships, golden rule and harmony in thought and conduct, believes that humans and society are naturally good |
| The Analects | primary Confucian text of Kong Fu Tze's sayings |
| golden rule | do not do unto others what you do not want done unto yourself |
| five relationships | father to son, elder brother to younger brother, emperor to subject, husband to wife, friend to friend |
| jen | Confucian idea of respect |
| li | Confucian idea of politeness |
| Confucian Gentlemen | according to Kong Fu Tze, they were made, not born |
| Taoism | philosophical system developed by Lao Tze and Chuang Tze advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events, loves nature and harmony, hates society, practices wei wu wei |
| Tao Te Ching | primary text of Taoism, written by Lao Tze before leaving China to go to the west, explains what Tao is and uses many paradoxes to describe it |
| Tao | the ultimate principle of the universe, "the way" |
| wei wu wei | Taoist idea of active non-action |
| Lao Tze | founder of Taoism |
| Chuang Tze | one of primary disciples of Taoism, wrote accompaniment to Tao Te Ching that made understanding of paradoxes easier by explaining with stories |
| hermit | one who lives in solitude, often far from civilization |
| sage | a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom, ex. Confucius, Lao Tze, Han Fei Tze, Buddha |
| Legalism | a Chinese political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state harsh laws to controlcitizens, Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime, created by Han Fei Tze and a spread by Li Si |
| Han Fei Tze | founder of Legalism in China shortly before Qin Dynasty |
| Qin Dynasty | replaced Zhou Dynasty, shortest dynasty at 16 years, employed Legalism as primary philosophy, emperor was Qin Shi Huan Di, created great canal between Yangtze River and Yellow River, built Great Wall, standardized currency and measurements for all of China |
| Qin Shi Huang Di | conquered all of the warring kindoms and declared himself the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, a legalist, standarized measures and currency, standardized language to Mandarin, abolishes feudalism, burned Confucian texts, built Great Wall and Great Canal |
| Li Si | advisor to Qin Shi Huan Di who helped to spread Han Fei Tze's idea of Legalism |
| Xiongnu | confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China, originally bribed to stay off of Chinese land, pushed back and eventually defeated by Wudi |
| centralization | way to bring power in, primarily executed by Qin Shi Huan Di in Qin Dynasty by standardizing nation |
| standardization | way of uniting all of China by setting regulations on language, measurements, and currency, executed by Qin Shi Huan Di in Qin Dynasty |
| book burning | how Qin Shi Huan Di got rid of Confucian texts |
| fall of the Qin | people disgruntled over higher taxes, forced labor, and autocracy, discontent led to a rebellion, rebellion led by peasant "general" Liu Bang who then founded the Han Dynasty |
| Liu Bang (Han Gaozu) | peasant rebellion leader who overthrew Qin Dynasty, then established Han Dynasty for 400 years, changed name to Han Gaozu to represent unity of new dynasty |
| Wudi | Chinese emperor who brought the Han dynasty to its greatest strength, drove out the Xiongnu, expanded borders to almost modern day size |
| Confucian Government | leaders should lead by example, idealist, rule by kindness, not laws and punishment, golden rule, follows society, li, jen, and five relationships |
| examination system | Confucian tests that were open to most males and used to recruit officials and bureaucrats in imperial China |
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