| Term | Definition |
| irony | difference between what we expect (what seems suitable) and what actually happens |
| verbal irony | someone says one thing but means the opposite |
| situational irony | an event that is contrary to, or the opposite of what we expected |
| dramatic irony | when we know what is going to happen to a character, but they do not know |
| ambiguity | allows something to be interpreted in several different or conflicting ways |
| genres | the different forms of literature |
| universal themes | themes that can be found in literature from different times, countries, and cultures, across all genres and historic periods |
| generalization | a broad statement that applies to many individuals, experiences, situations, or observations. |