| Term | Definition |
| colonies | territories controlled by other countries |
| culture | all the features of a peoples way of life |
| indigenous | native to a certain area |
| protectorate | country that forfeits certain decision. making powers in exchange for protection by a stronger country |
| pull factor | factor that causes someone to move to a new location |
| push factor | factor that causes people to leave a location |
| arid | dry |
| atoll | a ring shaped coral island or ring of several islands linked by coral |
| artesian wells | wells in which water flows naturally to the surface |
| climate | Overall weather in an area over a long period of time |
| continental drift | the process by which Earth's plates slowly move across the upper mantle |
| continental shelves | areas where continental surfaces extend under the shallow ocean water around the continents. |
| endemic species | new types of plants and animals that people introduce to an area |