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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| blastocyst | hollow structure in early human embryonic development that results after the morula froms a fluid-filled cavity in the center. |
| embryonic disc | early in embryonic formation; contains three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Ectoderm forms integumentary and nervous system |
| Ectoderm | Outer layer of germ cells that forms the epidermis and nervous system |
| Endoderm | the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems |
| Neural Plate | Thickened region of ectoderm formed by the third to fourth week of embryonic development, which develops into the neural tube. |
| Neural groove | forms between ridges of ectoderm |
| Neural tube | a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop |
| Anencephaly | a type of neural tube birth defect characterized by absence of covering over and incomplete development of the brain associated with folic acid deficiency during the first third of pregnancy, neural tube does not close anteriorly |
| Spina Bifida | Failure of posterior vertebral column to close, commmon birth defect |
| Folic Acid | Reduces neural tube defects by 50% - spinabifida & anencephaly, 400 micrograms daily - 1 month prior to pregnancy. Oranges |
| Neural Migration | neurons move to specific areas, newly born neurons are guided to the appropriate "layer" of the neural tube |
| Radial Glial Cells | tracks for migration neurons during embryological developement |
| Cerebral Palsy | a loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth (reason unkown) |
| Down Syndrome | a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome |
| Growth Cone | A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells; a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. |
| Nerve Growth Factor | a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells |
| Lance Jones and Landmesser Experiment | flipping chick spinal cord |
| Rita Levi-Montalcini | They studied mouse tumours implanted in chick embryos and isolated a nerve growth factor the first of many cell growth factors found in animals. He discovered Epidermal Growth Factors or EGF. This path breaking research earned them the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of NGF and EGF. NGF is a substance, which is found in malignant tumours and causes nerve fibres to grow rapidly. EGF is used in the treatment of severe burns. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1986 for these discoveries. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant |
| Medulla | (cranial nerve nuclei) control muscles in head, mouth, neck |
| Spinal cord | (ventral horn) control muscles in shoulders and below |
| Acetylcholine |  a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction |
| Neuromusclar junction | synapses of motor neuron axon terminals onto skeletal muscle fibers |
| Acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine, preventing sustained muscle contraction from a single nerve impulse |
| Agonists | natural or synthetic chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter |
| Antagonists | natural or synthetic chemicals that block or reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter |
| Simply Motor Reflexes | involve control motor neuron activity directly by synaptic inputs from sensory neurons (no inolvement of cerebellum, cortex, or higher parts of brain areas) |
| Pyramidal neurons |  primary motor cortex (pre-central gyris) project directly to (form synapases with) motor neurons in the medula or spinal cord |
| Premotor cortex | organizes movements sequences |
| Preforntal cortex | plans movements |
| Pre-central gyrus | produces specific movements |
| Motor homunculus |  "little man" a representation of how much cortex is mapped to the motor control of all of the parts of the body |
| Dopamine |  a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system |
| Substantia Nigra | imporant for smoothing out of movement to stop, terminate and start of movement, found in the tegmentum) |
| Nigro Striatal projection | (DOP) circuit, synapses of dopamine in the basal ganglia |
| Cerebellum |  can correct errors in motor function, projects to brainstem, to indirectly control motor neurons in the medulla and spinal cord |
| Decomposition of movement | an individuals movement is disconnected |
| Basal Ganglia | (straitum) recieves inputs from motor cortex, projects indirectly back to motor cortex via the thalamus |
| Parkinson's Disease |  a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis |
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| Terms | 39 |
| Creator | lyfeof2009 |
| Created | October 1, 2009 |
| Groups | None |
| Subject | neuroscience |
| Access | Anyone |
| Edit | Creator Only |