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allele frequency how often a form of a gene appears in a gene pool gene pool all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population species group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring barriers between gene pools 1. geographical isolation 2. hybrid infertility 3. temporal isolation 4. behavioral isolation speciation the formation of a new species by splitting of an existing species allopatric same species occupying geographically separate areas sympatric different species sharing the same habitat polyploidy condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes adaptive radiation evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments convergent evolution when two or more species NOT descended from a common ancestor develop similar traits (pentadactyl limbs) divergent evolution the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar homologous structures similar structures with different functions amongst species pace of evolution Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium gradualism The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily punctuated equilibrium pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change transient polymorphism pepper moth - changing color from white to black and white again due to industrial revolution - burning coal define Half life the amount of time taken for the radioactivity to fall to half of its original level features that define humans as primates stereoscopic vision erect position opposable thumbs hominids coexisting Homo neanderthal and Homo sapiens genetic evolution fate of alternative forms of genes or gene complexes over time in a reproducing population cultural evolution culture change over time (not to be confused with progress) allele one of a number of different forms of a gene genotype genetic makeup of an organism phenotype physical characteristics of an organism clade A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants cladistics classification based on common ancestry cladogram a tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships