MEH Final
About this set
Created by:
nwilliamsDASH on May 17, 2012
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
215 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 natural law | rules discoverable by reason |
| Thomas Hobbes | English enlightenment thinker who believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. wrote Leviathan |
| John Locke | English enlightenment thinker who believed people were basically reasonable and moral; wrote Two Treatises of Government |
| social contract | an agreement by which the people give up their freedom for an organized society |
| natural rights | rights that belong to all humans from birth, i.e. life, liberty and property |
| philosophes | group of enlightenment thinkers in France who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society |
| Montesquieu | influential enlightenment thinker who studied governments, wrote The Spirit of Laws, and believed government should be divided into 3 branches with checks and balances |
| Voltaire | enlightenment thinker who used wit to expose the abuses of his day; targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats |
| Diderot | enlightenment thinker who produced the Encyclopedia |
| Rousseau | enlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract; governments should be freely elected and impose minimal controls, hated all forms of political and economic oppression |
| laissez faire | economic policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference |
| Adam Smith | enlightenment thinker who wrote The Wealth of Nations; believed in laissez faire |
| censorship | restricting access to ideas and information |
| salons | informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas |
| baroque | grand, ornate style of art in the age of Louis XIV |
| rococo | this art style moved away from religion, and, unlike the heavy splendor of the baroque, was lighter, elegant, and charming |
| enlightened despots | absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change |
| Frederick the Great | enlightened despot/king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; ruled strictly but saw his duty to work for the common good; invited french intellectuals to Prussia, reduced torture, allowed free press, etc. |
| Catherine the Great | enlightened despot/empress of Russia; abolished torture, established religious tolerance, etc. |
| Joseph II | enlightened despot/son of Maria Theresa of Austria; made many reforms, most radical enlightened despot |
| George III | king of Britain during American Revolution; stamp act, sugar act, etc. |
| Stamp Act | law that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the 13 colonies |
| George Washington | Virginia planter and soldier who was a participant in the Continental Congress; commanded Continental Army |
| Thomas Jefferson | principal author fo the Declaration of Independence |
| popular sovereignty | principle which states that all government power comes from the people; is an important point in the Declaration of Independence |
| Yorktown, Virginia | after the British surrender in this town, the British war effort crumbled |
| Treaty of Paris | treaty ending the revolutionary war in America |
| James Madison and Benjamin Franklin | these two leaders were members of the group who met in 1787 to redraft the articles of the new constitution in America |
| federal republic | the Constitution of the U.S. created this, which divided power between the federal, or national government, and the states; separation of powers |
| ancien regime | old order in France; social system that had emerged during the middle ages |
| estate | social class in France under the ancien regime |
| bourgeoisie | middle class, top of the third estate; prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors |
| deficit spending | when a government spends more money than it takes in |
| Louis XVI | king of France during the revolution; well-meaning but weak and indecisive |
| Jaques Necker | financial expert that Louis XVI appointed as an advisor; urged the king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade |
| Estates-General | legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates in France |
| cahiers | notebooks; the three estates prepared them, listing their grievances |
| Tennis Court Oath | third estate swore never to separate and to meet until they established a sound and just constitution |
| Bastille | grim, medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners |
| Great Fear | political crisis of 1789 in France; rumors about attacks in towns and villages, and rumors that government troops were seizing peasant crops triggered the Great Fear; peasants revolted |
| faction | dissenting groups of people |
| Marquis de Lafayette | aristocratic hero of two worlds; headed the national guard |
| National Assembly | met and agreed to give up their old manorial dues, seclusion hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes. Turned these reforms into law in the coming months |
| Olympe de Gouges | a journalist during the French Revolution who demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women. and the Female Citizen; was later executed |
| Marie Antoinette | austrian-born queen of France; married to Louis XVI |
| emigres | nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and the revolutionary forces |
| sans-culotte | working class men and women; pushed the French revolution into more radical action |
| republic | government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarch |
| Jacobins | political club made of middle class lawyers or intellectuals. Used pamphleteers and sympathetic newspaper editors to advance the republican cause |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Robespierre | leader of the committee of public safety; selfless dedication to the revolution; "the incorruptible;" general will as law, religion toleration, popular with sans-culottes |
| Reign of Terror | Robespierre designed this. It was a period in which courts conducted hasty trials; many were arrested and executed with the guillotine |
| guillotine | beheading thing |
| Napoleon | a popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy; politicians used him to advance their own goals, but he eventually became the ruler of France |
| nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Marseilles | French city from which troops marched to a rousing new song during the revolution |
| plebiscite | popular vote by ballot |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's laws that embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism |
| annex | to incorporate into |
| Continental System | a strategy of Napoleon to wage economic warfare that closed European parts to British goods |
| guerrilla warfare | war strategy of hit-and-run raids |
| scorched-earth policy | to avoid battles with Napoleon, the Russians retreated eastward, burning crops and villages as they went; known as the ___ ___ ___ |
| abdicate | to step down from power |
| Congress of Vienna | diplomats and heads of state at down at the ____ in 1814/1815 to restore stability and order in Europe after years of war |
| legitimacy | restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated |
| Concert of Europe | result of the Congress of Vienna; powers met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe |
| anesthetic | a drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| enclosure | the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
| James Watt | improved the steam engine to one that would become a key source of the Industrial Revolution |
| smelt | to separate iron from its ore |
| capital | money used to invest in enterprises |
| enterprise | a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories |
| entrepreneur | one who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses |
| putting-out system | cottage industry; raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes; skilled artisans in the towns then finished and dyed the cloth |
| Eli Whitney | inventor of the cotton gin |
| turnpikes | private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a fee to use them |
| Liverpool; Manchester | The world's first major rail line went from ____ to ____. |
| urbanization | the movement of people to cities |
| tenement | multistory building divided into apartments |
| labor union | workers' organizations |
| Thomas Malthus | British economist who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population; predicted that the population would outplace the food supply |
| Jeremy Bentham | British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism; to him, all laws or actions should be judged by their utility |
| utilitarianism | the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" |
| socialism | the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production |
| means of production | the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods |
| Robert Owen | Utopian who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland to put his own ideas into practice |
| Karl Marx | German phiosopher who formulated the theory of "scientific socialism;" wrote The Communist Manifesto; condemned the ideas of Utopians |
| communism | a form of socialism advocated by Marx, in which an inevitable struggle between social classes would lead to the creation of a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community |
| proletariat | working class |
| social democracy | a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system |
| ideologies | systems of thought and belief |
| universal manhood suffrage | principle giving all adult men the right to vote |
| autonomy | self-rule |
| Henry Bessemer | Idependently developed a new process for making steel from iron |
| Alfred Nobel | Swedish chemist who invented dynamite |
| Michael Faraday | Created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo |
| dynamo | A machine that generates electricity |
| Thomas Edison | American inventor who made the first electric light bulb |
| interchangeable parts | Identical components that could be used in place of one another in manufacturing; simplified the assembly and repair of products |
| assembly line | Production method in which workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station into the next |
| Wright brothers | Designed and flew a flimsy airplane Kitty Hawk, North Carolina |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Invented the radio |
| corporations | Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock |
| stock | Shares in companies |
| cartel | A group of corporations would form this to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets |
| germ theory | A theory that certain microbes might cause specific infectious disease |
| Louis Pasteur | French chemist who showed the link between microbes and disease |
| Robert Koch | Identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis |
| Florence Nightingale | insisted on better hygiene in hospitals and worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals |
| Joseph Lister | English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevent infection |
| urban renewal | Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city |
| mutual-aid societies | Workers formed these, which ree self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers |
| standard of living | Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society |
| cult of domesticity | Idealized women and the home |
| temperance movement | Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | One of the American women who crusaded against slavery before organizing a movement for women's rights |
| women's suffrage | Women's right to vote |
| Sojourner Truth | An African American suffragist |
| John Dalton | Developed modern atomic theory |
| Charles Darwin | wrote On the Origin of Species, developed the theory of natural selection |
| racism | The unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another |
| social gospel | a movement that urged christians to social service; they campaigned for reforms in housing, healthcare, and education |
| Romanticism | refers to an artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion |
| Lord Byron | Romantic writer who wrote poetry and adventures; romantic heroes came to be described as a word referring to his name |
| Victor Hugo | writer who recreated France's past novels like The Three Musketeers and The Hunchback of Notre Dame |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | Romantic composer who combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound; produced nine symphonies, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, an opera, two masses annd many other short pieces |
| realism | artistic movement that attempted to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism |
| Charles Dickens | English novelist who vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers nad factory workers. Oliver Twist and A Tale of Two Cities |
| Gustavo Courbet | realist painter who said "I cant paint an angel because I have never seen one." he painted The Stone Breakers |
| Louis Daguerre | improved on photography techniques to produce successful photographs |
| impressionism | artistic movement in which artists sought to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer's eye |
| Claude Monet | impressionist who brushed colors side by side without blending; painted the cathedral at Rouen dozens of different times from the same angle but at different times of day |
| Vincent van Gogh | postimpressionist who experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors, giving a dreamlike quality to his subject |
| Otto Von Bismarck | was a Prussian diplomat, became chancellor under King William I, used blood and iron policy to unite Germany |
| chancellor | highest official of a monarch |
| Realpolitik | Realistic politics based on the needs of the state; power was more important than principles |
| annex | To take control of |
| kaiser | German emperor |
| Reich | German empire |
| Kulturkampf | "battle for civilization." goal was to make catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the church. laws that Bismarck passed that gave the state the right to supervise catholic education and approve the appointment of presets |
| William II | Succeeded his grandfather as kaiser; extremely confident in sits abilities; asked Bismarck to resign |
| social welfare | programs to help certain groups of people |
| Camillo Cavour | prime minister to victor Emanuel II. Similar to Bismarck, believed in realpolitik |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | nationalist in southern Italy, ally of Mazzini, wanted to create an Italian republic, created "red shirts" and won control of Sicily |
| anarchists | people who want to abolish all government |
| emigration | movement away from one's homeland |
| Francis Joseph | 18 years old when he inherited the Hapsburg throne; Made some limited reforms, granted a new constitution, set up a two house legislature |
| Ferenc Deak | Moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the dual monarchy |
| Dual Monarchy | agreement between Austria-Hungary; They were separate states, each had own constitution and parliament, Francis Joseph ruled both, shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs |
| colossus | giant; refers to Russia |
| Alexander II | came to the throne of Russia in 1855 during the Crimean War; emancipated serfs; set up zemstvos |
| Crimean War | Russia tried to seize the Ottoman lands along the Danube river but Britain and France stopped it |
| emancipation | freeing of the serfs |
| zemstvos | local elected assemblies that were responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture; set up by Alexander II in Russia |
| pogroms | violent mob attacks on Jewish people |
| refugees | people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere |
| Duma | Nicholas II agreed to summon a ____, or elected national legislature. |
| Peter Stolypin | prime minister under Nicholas II in Russia; made reforms but they were too little, too late |
| rotten boroughs | rural towns with few or no voters that still sent members to parliament |
| electorate | the body of people allowed to vote |
| secret ballot | people could cast their votes without announcing them publicly |
| Queen Victoria | great symbol of British life from 1837-1901; embodied the values of her age such as duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability |
| Benjamin Disraeli | leader of the Tories, or conservative party; pushed through the Reform Bill of 1867, giving the vote to many working-class men |
| William Gladstone | leader of the Whigs, or liberal party; gave the vote to farmworkers and most other men |
| parliamentary democracy | a form of government in which the executive leaders (usually a prime minister and cabinet) are chosen by and responsible to the legislature (parliament), and are also members of it |
| free trade | trade between countries without quota, tariffs, or other restrictions |
| repeal | to cancel |
| abolition movement | the campaign against slavery and the slave trade |
| capital offenses | crimes punishable by death |
| penal colonies | settlements for convicts |
| absentee landlord | one who owns a large estate but does not live there |
| home rule | local self-government |
| Napoleon III | nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte; set up Second Empire |
| Suez Canal | built in Egypt to link the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean |
| provisional | temporary |
| premier | french word for prime minister |
| coalitions | alliances of various parties |
| Dreyfus affair | a political scandal that caused deep divisions in France between Royalists and liberals and republicans; centered on the 1894 wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army |
| libel | the knowing publication of false and damaging statements |
| Zionism | a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine |
| imperialism | the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region |
| protectorate | an agreement in which local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity; cost less to run than a colony did |
| sphere of influence | an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges |
| entente | a nonbinding agreement between countries to follow common policies |
| militarism | glorification of the military |
| Alsace and Lorraine | the border province that France lost in the Franco-Prussian war |
| ultimatum | final set of demands |
| mobilize | to prepare military forces for war |
| neutrality | a policy of supporting neither side in a war |
| stalemate | deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other |
| zeppelins | large gas-filled balloons used by Germany in WWI |
| U-boat | nickname from the German word for submarine |
| convoys | groups of merchant ships protected by warships |
| Dardanelles | a vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean |
| T. E. Lawrence | a colonel sent to Ottoman Turkey during WWI to support the Arab revolt |
| total war | the channeling of a nation's entire resources into the war effort |
| conscription | "the draft" requiring all young men to be ready for military or other service during WWI |
| contraband | military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies |
| Lusitania | British passenger liner off the coast of Ireland that was torpedoed by Germany during WWI |
| propaganda | the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause |
| atrocities | horrible acts committed against innocent people |
| Fourteen Points | President Wilson's list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars |
| self-determination | the right of people to choose their own form of government |
| armistice | an agreement to end fighting |
| pandemic | the spread of a disease across a large area |
| reparations | payments for war damage |
| radicals | people who wanted to make extreme changes |
| collective security | a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all |
| mandates | territories administered by Western powers after WWI |
| proletariat | the growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage earners |
| soviets | councils of workers and soldiers |
| Cheka | secret police force much like the tsar's |
| commissars | Communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty |
| fascism | any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights |
| Gestapo | Hitler's secret police that rooted out opposition |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.